To what extent is 'free jazz' really free Essay

What exactly degree is 'free jazz' truly free - Essay Example History has a significant level of precision. The consonant entanglement and improvisational excitement of the ordinary bop combo were a long way from the easy to use sound of large band swing, and the denying external scopes of the 1960s. Free jazz was evidently contradictory to the thought of a mass crowd. During the twentieth century, the vast majority of its mass crowd was for the most part people of the low social class, whores, heavy drinkers, and medication addicts (Stanbridge, 2008). In any case, after the world war two, jazz music turns into a significant hit, particularly in the northern America. This saw the absolute best account occurring; this incorporates Miles Davis who made the sort out of blue jazz music title. Additionally, Dave with the melody break was effective in their singing. This is on the grounds that they drew out the newness and acquainted a youthful crowd with jazz. The achievement that originates from jazz caused it to be highlighted in motion pictures a nd magazines. Regardless, of the achievement, it despite everything held its relationship with substance misuse, culpability and the decrepit side of life.Jazz music started to possess an alternate job in the network in the mid 70s. the start of the 21st century denoted its total upheaval both to general society and to the music business. The general conceptualization of the music related with a barely characterized idea of the jazz standard has been instrumental as an advertising classification as well as has served to impact the fast standard situating of an encased, neo-conventionalist class of jazz. This has seen specific styles and structures advantaged over others. For a while jazz become some portion of life to people. Movies businesses were not forgotten about as they additionally had a bit of the cake. Films favored decision of music was jazz, this had vigorous effect on the motion pictures for they got exposure quicker (Racy, 2004).

Strategic Change Management KPMG Company

Official Summary Strategic Change Management has become a key job of the administration. Different business associations have come to welcome the requirement for change and have planned different techniques and approaches of overseeing change. KPMG is one such association. It has brought down on the administration that the market rivalry expects one to grasp change and guarantee that it is innovative so as to be in a situation to oversee advertise competition.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual analysis test on Strategic Change Management KPMG Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The firm has gotten all the partners into one network and each given its task to carry out during the time spent change the executives and usage techniques. The model that this firm would use in actualizing change is Kurt Lewin Model of unfreeze, change and afterward freeze. Worth based association is the way to deal with screen the usage of progress. The systems must be actualized inside suitable time to yield great outcomes. Presentation Change is one of the most significant components that an association must mull over when drawing their key objectives and goals. Asinine (2009, p. 37) basically says that Change is consistent. This announcement is charming yet it is the best meaning of progress from a philosophical perspective. Change and consistent are two limits under an ordinary word reference definition. Be that as it may, from an investigative point of view, change is steady. This researcher contends that change brings the same old thing. It just improves what is as of now in presence. McCarthy and Eastman (2010, p. 23) state, â€Å"The all-encompassing reason for change the executives is to quicken the speed at which individuals move effectively through the change procedure with the goal that foreseen benefits are accomplished faster.† As such, change ought not be seen as a move based on what is the standard. The main issue is that i t brings new strategies of giving the every day exercises. In his book, The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning, Henry Mintzberg (1994), the previous pioneer of the Strategic Management Society, condemned himself as well as other people for their blind adherence to the vital figure practice. His controversy rests with the investigation of the legitimate, logical clarification to what's to come. He shows how arranging can suffocate commitment, contract an organization’s dream, make change unfeasible, and lead to the politicization of an association. His point depends on the rule that â€Å"†¦ investigation isn't combination [and therefore], vital arranging isn't technique formulation† (p. 321). As per this researcher, numerous directors would concur that change is one of the characterizing outside elements that have colossal effect on the association. The administration is constantly confronted with different components that would request change in the organization .Advertising Looking for contextual analysis on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a beginning stage, Griffin (2000) orders the word the executives as: â€Å"A set of exercises (counting arranging and dynamic, sorting out, driving, and controlling) coordinated at an organization’s assets (human, money related, physical, and educational) with the point of accomplishing hierarchical objectives in a productive and successful manner† (p. 6). In the definition, a few key ideas are utilized. Premier, it is grasped that administration applies â€Å"uniformly to open, private, philanthropic, and strict organizations.† Murphy (2002) was of the view that â€Å"†¦ the board is a hierarchical wonder and not restrictive to the universe of benefit organizations† (p. 7). KPMG is one of the main counseling firms on the planet. This American firm has developed and it as of now cov ers a few nations in North and South America, Asia, Europe and Africa. The ongoing section into Africa, which is considered as the developing markets, and a few pieces of Asia, was spurred by the expanding requirement for counseling firms the same number of the organizations in these districts required direction in a market that has progressively gotten serious. Change is one of the significant reasons that are making firms in the corporate world look for direction. KPMG as a firm has change as one of the components it needs to manage so as to guarantee that it stays pertinent in this industry. It must be in a situation to show to the corporate world that it is the ace of what it instructs. Vital change the board to KPMG isn't only critical to exhibit to others its ability, yet in addition to assist it with beating the market rivalry and increment its piece of the pie both at home and universal markets. The requirement for vital change the executives at KPMG has been fanned by the u nusualness of the market. The market is so erratically and change is the operator for this. Along these lines, the administration of KPMG has come to understand that it may not be in a situation to get by in this market on the off chance that it neglects to embrace changes that are realized by the ecological powers. Partners of KPMG who are Involved in Change Management DeAnne, Gary, Hyde, and Tipping, (2004, p. 1) note, â€Å"Any change of criticalness will make individuals issues.† KPMG is an American firm that was a summit of a merger of various counseling firms in 1987. These organizations converged upon the acknowledgment of the way that they had a shared objective, which could best be accomplished by meeting up as a unit. Partners of this firm are the operators of change.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual analysis test on Strategic Change Management KPMG Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their situations in the firm would charac terize their job in the key change the executives inside this firm. In a given firm, for example, KPMG, there are constantly three classes of individuals with regards to change the executives. The principal class is the initiators of progress. These people would think of imaginative thoughts of how to move toward certain issues inside the firm that would bring about change. The subsequent gathering is the implementers of progress. They take guidance on the change systems as characterized by the initiators. This researcher characterizes the last gathering in as â€Å"the beneficiaries of change.† This gathering has no job in the inception or usage of progress. In any case, they feel the impact of progress, either decidedly or adversely relying upon the overarching conditions. KPMG has all the three classes of individuals among its partners. The partners of this firm in the previously mentioned gatherings can be dissected as adherents. Initiators of Change These individuals are the specialists of progress. They think of innovative thoughts that can be changed into new methodologies. A portion of the initiators of progress at KPMG are the accompanying classifications of office holders. The Top Management The top administration of KPMG has the greatest task to carry out in the key change the board. Goolnik (2006, p. 10) sees that, â€Å"a clear vision ought to be set up at the most senior level(s) with the goal that staff can increase comprehension of why change is significant and necessary.† They are the most significant people in the firm in undoubtedly. They are required to comprehend the overall market powers and decide when change might be required in the association. They are in a superior situation to see a portion of the changing strategies in the outer business condition of this firm and start the equivalent inside the firm. As Wilson (1992, p. 14) notes, it isn't fundamental that each change that a firm executes must be unique to it. A firm may obtain a few changes from different firms that have effectively actualized them. The top administration of this firm subsequently has the job of distinguishing these new methodologies and starting their usage inside the firm. They are accordingly the main initiators of progress. The Human Resource Management has the best task to carry out in such manner. Present day Human Resource Management (HRM) is drastically not quite the same as the human relations development during the 1920s or from the work force the board rehearsed decades prior (Carell, Elbert, Hatfield, 1995, p. 12). Today HRM is utilized to allude to the way of thinking, arrangements, techniques, and practices identified with the administration of individuals inside an association (French, 1998). French proceeds by expressing that: It is presently commonly acknowledged that HR the board includes a dynamic, association wide viewpoint that is activity situated and dependent on hypothesis and research from numerous ord ers and is essentially interrelated with vital arranging. Increasingly more it is perceived that HRM must be an essential piece of the key arranging of the top official group of the association (p. 5).Advertising Searching for contextual investigation on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Innovative work Unit This is the most significant unit with regards to inventiveness and ingenuity of the firm. They have the obligation of filtering the business condition and understanding the powers that are winning in the market. They at that point would figure out which of the systems would best suite the firm in overseeing market rivalry. They are relied upon to think of imaginative thoughts of how KPMG as a counseling firm can connect with its clients with better administrations in the undeniably serious business condition. They would exhort the top administration as needs be on how the firm should move toward key change the executives issues. General Employees General representatives of KPMG are likewise significant specialists of progress. KPMG has been quick to permit all the colleagues, regardless of the position they hold, to add to factors that influence the organization

Making A Case Study An Effective Marketing Tool

Making A Case Study An Effective Marketing ToolBusiness case studies help businesses decide what they need to improve in order to make a good first impression on their customers. They also help companies measure whether or not they need to make any changes in order to make their business run better. Case studies can be helpful in the marketing process, whether it is a new product launch a marketing initiative, or a new strategy for how a company's products are better.The first step to writing a case study is to create a document that describes your case. This will help you decide whether your case needs to be a study or a report. Your case should provide objective information and should be based on data that is readily available.If you need to develop a study or report on a specific service or product, then it should focus on a specific point and look at it from a wide range of perspectives. A study may be a short report, but a report will be a well-researched and detailed study.When presenting your case, you want to explain everything you know about your customer, including what makes them tick, what motivates them, what problems they are having, and what can be done to improve those problems. You also want to make sure you include a summary of your findings. This helps people understand what your case study is all about.When creating a case study, you should start by breaking down the study into parts. These sections will include the information you want to include, the background of the case, the main finding, and a review of what happened in the study. You will want to make sure you keep these sections at the appropriate length.Your conclusions will be based on your findings. To make your findings stand out, you can make a bold statement and include key findings that will help explain it. Make sure you make your conclusion clear and concise so people can use it to make a decision.You should always follow your case study with a summary. The summary can help you summarize your findings and use it to help answer the questions that people have. Be sure to include your research and a summary of the key findings, along with a resource box.Business case studies are an excellent way to make your business succeed. Take some time to consider what your audience might be looking for and create a great case study that will help make their lives easier.

Black Humor in America - 2112 Words

Black Humor One of the most underappreciated and unrecognized forms of comedy is black humor. Black humor often deals with events that are not often associated with other forms of comedy, such as war, murder, insanity and death. The main reason that this form of comedy is so underappreciated is that it requires some thinking on the part of the audience and many people are not willing to do that. The types of humor that are popular today do not require much thinking and can be characterized as one-liners. However, black humor has been used as an effective means of satire usually towards a tragic event. One of the biggest misconceptions about black humor is that it involves race. Black humor is not a form of African American humor†¦show more content†¦Even though this is such a great model of black comedy, Joseph Heller said that he was not aware that it would be funny when he wrote it (Catch-22, Computer). In the story, Catch-22 is a military rule that employs circular logic. An e xample of this is the rule that deals with avoiding combat missions: One may only be excused from flying bombing missions on the grounds of insanity; one must assert ones insanity to be excused on this basis; one who requests to be excused is presumably in fear for his life. This is taken to be proof of his sanity, and he is therefore obliged to continue flying missions; one who is truly insane presumably would not make the request. He therefore would continue flying missions, even though as an insane person he could of course be excused from them simply by asking. (Catch-22, Computer) The main themes in Hellers novel are paradox and contradiction. He used his novel as a way to show the absurdity of war and to protest World War II. Another author, Kurt Vonnegut wrote Slaughterhouse Five in 1969 as an analysis of the human condition from an uncommon perspective, using time travel as a plot device and the bombing of Dresden in World War II, which Vonnegut witnessed, as a starting point (Slaughter, wikipedia). The humor in this book comes from Vonneguts downplay of human mortality. He uses the phrase so it goes whenever dying is mentioned. Much ofShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s A Raisin Of The Sun1683 Words   |  7 Pagescollection of her plays, Ntozake Shange criticized black dramatists for â€Å"integrat[ing] the notion that a drama must be words...cuz we all remember too well/the chuckles scoffs† (63).The fear of being laughed at has steered black artists away from embracing humor. This fear stems from the distortion of blackness in minstrel sho ws and racist tropes . Tragically, black dramatists have overlooked the usage of humor in African traditions. While in the past humor has been often used for ridicule, it has alsoRead MoreAnalysis Of Humor In Angel Puss1299 Words   |  6 Pagesghosts and begins to antagonize poor Sambo all over again. Humor from the episode Angel Puss is founded in African-American racial stereotypes involving behavior and appearance, which eventually led to the episode’s censorship. The most apparent racist feature is Sambo’s depiction; he is drawn in blackface style. Blackface is a highly offensive theatrical make-up style popular in comedy shows, where non-black performers coat their face in black paint to play African-American roles. Jenee Desmond-HarrisRead MoreThe Importance of Doing and Turning Your Work in on Time1444 Words   |  6 Pagesmost side-spitting, razor-sharp humor on this side of a cable box. The show concepts that constitute the Adult Swim block of programming on CN has drawn its fair share of rave reviews and harsh criticism from anybody willing to offer an opinion. For Afro-American viewers, no show represents that aforementioned razors edge quite like Aaron McGruders comic strip creation, The Boondocks. The first season of the weekly series found every way p ossible to poke humor at many of the events, individualsRead MoreEssay on Explication of Poem for Black Boys835 Words   |  4 PagesNikki Giovannis Poem for Black Boys is a poignant literary work that addresses several issues concerning the young black male in America and the conflicting views taken by members of the African-American community during the Civil Rights Movement with an inclination towards the peaceful movement perpetuated by the likes of Dr. Martin Luther king, Jr. and his non-violent contemporaries. Giovannis use of allusion, imagery and the sardonic humor of the speaker blend effortlessly to denounce allRead MoreRacism Is The Product Of Ignorance And Fear1334 Words   |  6 Pagesthe video nothing is accomplished to remove these stereotypes. Chappelle plays Clayton Bigsby, the â€Å"black white supremacist†, in the sketch Frontline. Bigsby bluntly characterizes African Americans as â€Å"lazy good for nothing†, â€Å"wide nose breathers† and accuses them of eating all the chicken. These stereotypes are prevalent in today’s culture. When one thinks of racism, one may atomically assume black and white but according to the National Coalition for Health Professionals Education in Genetics inRead MoreSlaughterhouse-Five, by Kurt Vonnegut Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pageshis own horrific war experiences. To depict the horrors of war, Vonnegut made use of a straightforward style as well as black humor to show the absurdity of war. By using this straightforward style, Vonnegut pushed his readers to see war for what it is, with no embellishments or romanticism. Black or dark humor was widely used, which refers to an authors deliberate use of humor in describing what would ordinarily be considered a situation too violent, grim, or tragic to laugh at. In so doing, theRead MorePostmodernism: The Movement in Life Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough the postmodern movement was not started in America, its many effects have influenced the culture of this nation. Postmodernism took America from a place where it held strong values of right and wrong, to a place where any idea has been given validity and merit. By presenting new world views, postmodernism has affected American literature, for both the writer and the reader, and American culture on a vast scale. Explaining postmodernism is v ery challenging because it does not have a realRead MoreThe Controversy Over Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn610 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is a controversial book that has raised heated debates across America for the past century. It was ranked fifth most challenging books out of one hundred in the 1990s (Chadwick 2). Although this book is a hot topic, it should remain on shelves, and still be taught in schools. While Huck Finn seems to be only a book of satire, most want this book banned because it is seen as highly racial. â€Å"The reading of Huck Finn is humiliating to back studentsRead MoreRush Hour Two: Through an American Perspective1062 Words   |  4 Pagesconstraints, such as, racial stereotypes, gender connotations, and cultural references, are components that comedies use in order to achieve humor at its maximum effect. The override of these constraints, however, has detrimental effects on entire ethnic and gender populations that go unnoticed at the expense of laughter. The 2001 film comedy, Rush Hour 2, uses humor as a vehicle to propagate active stereotypes that render the Asian female as an objective commodity that through an American lens devaluesRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media1538 Words   |  7 Pagespublic. From Disney movies on up to horror films there’s a plot that each film is trying to accomplish. The controversial issue comes into play based on ho w the film messages are portrayed. Films that use racial humor harm the particular race that the films are depicting. Films with racial humor that is enhanced to be seen as acceptable creates prejudge mental labels for certain races. The viewers of these films are more likely to view these stereotypes portrayed in the media as facts about whatever

William Shakespeare s Macbeth Draft - 1040 Words

Stuart Wodzro Honours English 9, Block 2 Shakespeare Essay February 26, 2016 MacBeth Draft No. 3 The strive for power is a human impulse, perhaps even a primitive compulsion. And, in the case of human beings at least, the impulse is not restricted solely to the necessities of life. Beings are devoted to gaining raw power itself and, through it, they loses themselves. As one may know, the lust for power is a mode of selfishness, where at one attempts to gratify every passion, but alas pleonexia proves to taint the ones of potential. One instance where unrelenting desire for power dominated the human psyche is WWII, Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler, the tyrant of Germany, can often be compared to the protagonist, Macbeth. Both Hitler and Macbeth are similar in many ways, their ambition for gaining power, their ignorance of the means to achieve goals and equally their tyrannical style of gaining power. In parallelity, William Shakespeare, a prolific writer of the 16th century widely known for his contribution to the English language and his literary works articulates this notion into o ne of his most gripping masterpieces, MacBeth. A tale of a Scottish nobleman who encounters a prophecy that foretells him that he will gain great power but must earn it through blood. Not only is the plot intriguing, but furthermore Shakespeare s poetic tone that creates a stark contrast of light and dark imagery in order to convey a theme that circumstances are the result of an individual’sShow MoreRelatedMacbeth and Picture of Dorian Gray Essay1821 Words   |  6 Pagesnature. Hint of homosexuality Faustian Bargain – (decay of living standard) Cultural Values/Context: Values of humanity (fear of losing humanity/identity) Macbeth – Elizabethan Era Macbeth goes under manipulation by the witches, and is seen to swap his soul due to his pride and ambition, which eventually leads to his destruction. Quote: Macbeth says, The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step On which I must fall down, or else o erleap, For in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires; Let not lightRead MorePyramus And Thisbe Vs. Romeo And Juliet1220 Words   |  5 PagesPaper/Final Draft August 15, 2014 Pyramus Thisbe vs. Romeo Juliet Tragic love stories have always been appealing to the literary world. This would be seen in Ovid s Pyramus and Thisbe and William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet. Ovid, one of Rome’s greatest poets, was famous for The Metamorphoses. His love stories were deeply emotional, yet very tragic. The story of Pyramus and Thisbe is the most emotional story in The Metamorphoses and the most referenced in love tragedy. William ShakespeareRead MoreHow to Write a Research Paper11497 Words   |  46 Pagespaper topic: The training a meteorologist needs Evaluative paper topic: A contrast of the training a meteorologist needed in l940 to what he/she needs in 2000 Informational paper topic: Benjamin Franklin s political life Evaluative paper topic: The effect of Benjamin Franklin s writing style upon his career 3. Working Bibliography The first step in researching a topic is to compile a working bibliography of potential sources of information, both primary and secondary. The subjectRead MoreDiscursive essay2703 Words   |  11 Pagesthemselves correctly in writing. On balance, I believe that text messaging does not represent an advance in communication. ~MultiROM WRITING Introductions and conclusions In an essay it is important that the introduction engages the reader s attention. It should introduce the topic, but should not include the specific points that you are going to mention in the body of the text. A good introductory paragraph describes the present situation and gives supporting evidence. It should referRead MoreGoal Movie Review10720 Words   |  43 Pagessuch films as â€Å"The Commitments† and â€Å"Still Crazy† and the HBO television series â€Å"Tracey Takes On†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The duo came aboard relatively late in preproduction. â€Å"We met with Mike Jefferies and Danny Cannon,† recalls Clement. â€Å"We got the go-ahead to write a draft not long after that.† La Frenais is originally from the City of Newcastle, and both writers live in L.A., so they were well educated about their subject. â€Å"We understand the city where it’s set,† says La Frenais. â€Å"We understand what football means in

Malaria Issue Report Free Essays

The issue I am going to be talking about in my report is about how to prevent the transmission of malaria around the world. Malaria is a mosquito-borne, climate sensitive disease caused by the parasite Plasmodium.[1] Malaria is caused by one of four species of the protoctist Plasmodium[2]. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaria Issue Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Plasmodium parasites multiply in red blood cells; this can cause symptoms such as fever and headache, but in severe cases the disease can lead to death. Transmission Malaria is transmitted through the bite of an infected female (Anopheles) mosquito; although it can be transmitted through contact of infected blood but this is very uncommon.[3] The cycle of malaria is an Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person; a small amount of infected blood is taken. The plasmodium parasite grows and matures in the mosquito’s gut for approximately a week before it then travels to the mosquito’s salivary glands. When the mosquito next bites someone, these parasites mix with the saliva, are then injected with the bite, and the transmission of malaria is complete.[4] Cycle in the Body Once in the blood, the parasites travel to the liver and enter liver cells, to grow and multiply. After some time, the parasites leave the liver cells and enter red blood cells. In the red blood cells the malaria parasites continues to grow and multiply. After they mature, the infected red blood cells rupture, freeing the parasites to attack and enter other red blood cells.[5] Symptoms Toxins released when the red cells burst, these are what cause the common symptoms of malaria, these are: 1. Fever 2. Chills 3. Flu like symptoms Statistics According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) malaria report 2011, there were 216 million cases of malaria and an estimated 655,000 deaths in 2010. Malaria mortality rates have fallen by more than 25% globally since 2000. Most deaths occur amongst children living in Africa where a child dies every minute of malaria and the disease accounts for approximately 22% of all childhood deaths.[6] Malaria is a disease that only occurs in certain climates, due to the fact that malaria is passed on through mosquito bites so only certain countries and regions have the conditions that mosquitos can survive in are affected by the disease; this includes sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America as shown in the picture below: [7] This picture shows that malaria affects countries mainly in the Southern Hemisphere, especially South America (but north of Argentina) Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Malaria has been on the rise since the 1970s and constitutes a serious risk to health in many tropical countries.[8] The Problem with malaria is that it mainly affects people who live in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) the problem with this is that they cannot afford to get the healthcare to treat the disease unlike with MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) where they don’t get diseases of this kind commonly but are able to afford the healthcare. Malaria also causes a number of deaths and illnesses every year, especially in countries which suffer from a lot of poverty. This means that if parents catch the diseases then their children will be orphaned and left to fend for themselves. Solutions to the Problem There are several methods of treating malaria and these are some of the best methods to protect us from the disease: Nets A mosquito net protects against mosquitos, flies, and other airborne insects. Mosquito nets are the first line of defence against the deadly bite of mosquitos. The fine, see-through mesh stops insects from biting or affecting the person using the net. The mesh is fine enough to stop these insects entering the sleeping area of the person. Research has found that the latest Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) save lives; they have been proven to cut malaria cases in children by half as well as reducing child deaths by 20%[9]. The use of these nets can also help protect other people sleeping nearby who are not sleeping under a net. It’s estimated that when 80% of people sleep under a net, the entire community is protected.[10] Although it is vital that the people using the mosquito nets regularly check the nets for any holes big enough for insects to get through. Scientists in Senegal have been researching the success rate of mosquito nets after six million nets were distributed over five years. Within three weeks of the nets being introduced, the scientists found that the number of malaria attacks had started to fall – it had fell by 13 times since before the nets had come in. The researchers also collected specimens of Anopheles gambiae, which is the type of mosquito species responsible for transmitting malaria to humans in Africa. Between 2007 and 2010 the proportion of the insects with a genetic resistance rose from 8% to 48%. By 2010 the proportion of mosquitoes resistant to Deltamethrin was 37%.[11] Testing Malaria parasites in the blood can best be detected under a microscope, but, when this is not available malaria cases can also be quickly and accurately identified using a Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). RDTs are disposable blood testing kits which can be used anywhere and provide a quick result, they measure the amount of plasmodium in the blood; therefore showing if you have malaria or not. RDTs mean that a potentially life-saving diagnosis of malaria, which usually could only be possible in hospitals, can now be made available anywhere.[12] The reliability of RDTs is a successful diagnostic reading of 80% or in other words; 4 out of 5 people tested for malaria get a correct result back.[13] Implications of the solutions to the problem There are a number of solutions to malaria, although they do have economic and environmental implications. The solutions include: Nets The economic problem with nets is that malaria is mainly affecting LEDCs; therefore people are unable to afford the cost of buying drugs nets as they can be expensive. Environmental issues with mosquito nets are that mosquitos are possibly starting to get immune to the chemical Deltamethrin which is used in the bed nets; this means that they are no longer being useful by stopping the female mosquito from biting and killing harmless insects instead. The social implications of using nets are that nets prevent people being bitten by malaria carrying mosquitos, this means that less access to health services are needed; therefore less time is lost from work because of malaria. Medicines Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs) are therapies made by combining an extract of the Artemisia plant and another medicine. They are the most effective and advance treatments for malaria, and are strongly recommended for the treatment of malaria in Africa.[14] The implication to this method is that they are highly expensive to produce and take around 15 years to research and develop. And seeing as malaria mainly affects LEDCs it wouldn’t be much use to them, as they will not be able to afford to buy them. Also the problem with using drugs is that a lot of testing takes place on animals which have ethical implications along with it. Benefits/Risks of solutions to the Problem Medicines In the table below there is a list of advantages and disadvantages for using different medicines for treating malaria: Chemoprophylaxis drug Presentation Advantages Disadvantages Proguanil Paludrine tablets 1. Low cost 2. Well tolerated 3. Suitable for pregnant or breastfeeding women 1. Increasing resistance of P. falciparum to chloroquine 2. Large number of tablets required if taken in combination Chloroquine Nivaquine syrup Avloclor tablets 1. Mefloquine Lariam tablets 1. Weekly dose 2. Effective for most areas of the world 3. Can be used in the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy 1. Needs to be commenced 2 to 3 weeks prior to departure 2. May cause neuro-psychiatric adverse events Doxycycline Capsule 1. Low cost 2. Generally well tolerated 3. Can be commenced close to departure date 1. May cause photosensitivity 2. May cause vaginal yeast infections in women 3. Unsuitable for children under 12 years Atovaquone/proguanil Malarone tablets 1. Well tolerated 2. Can be commenced close to departure date 3. Short course 1. Expensive [15] According to the table above the advantages outweigh the disadvantages in the five different medicines, although with Doxycycline the advantages and disadvantages are in the same proportion. This would suggest that Doxycycline may not as effective anti-malarial medicine as some of the others. Testing Another solution to the problem could be to use malaria testing kits such as the Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT). The benefit of this is that it can create a diagnosis in fraction of the time that a standard test takes. This means that people who have malaria can be treated a lot quicker than they usually could be by the standard method, which involves looking at a blood sample under a microscope to detect plasmodium. An issue with RDTs is that they can be expensive for people living in LEDCs as they can range from $1.20 – $13.50 per test.[16] The risks of RDT is that, although it is a quick test, it is not always effective at identify the plasmodium in the blood. The danger is that you may get inaccurate result, leading to you being quite unaware of having the disease, therefore getting the treatment early enough to take effect. Alternative Solutions to the Problem Quinine Another solution to the problem which was used up until the 1930s as the only cure for malaria is quinine. It is found in the Andes Mountain range of Peru and Ecuador[17]. The medicinal properties to quinine has been around since the 17th century, but back then people used to chew the bark off of the cinchona tree as it was believed to be a useful treatment for malaria. Although people didn’t have medicinal knowledge, due to the positive result, they thought it was an effective method of malaria treatment. The active ingredient is quinine which is found in the cinchona tree. Quinine works by lowering the body’s core temperature, thereby killing the plasmodium parasites that cause malaria in the red blood cells. Quinine can also be found in tonic water; some doctors/ GPs may recommend drinking tonic water when going to a high risk country. Vaccine A vaccination involves injecting a small harmless amount of infection into you. Finding a vaccine to protect people from malaria would be the best possible defence[18]. Around the world scientists are working on this important research.[19] However, malaria parasite, plasmodium has proven to be adapting to the different cures and vaccines that scientists have been creating. This means that they change their characteristics as antibodies are developed. This adaptability has made finding a vaccine especially challenging.[20] Currently there is no vaccine, but there are several being developed. Several potential malaria vaccines are already being tested in clinical trials; although no vaccine has been licensed for use.[21] It will be a long wait before a vaccine is available to prevent the spread of malaria.[22] Dr Sandy Douglas (Welcome Trust Clinical Research Training) at the University of Oxford said â€Å"We have found a way of making antibodies that kill all different strains of malaria parasites. This is still in an early research phase; the next step is to do clinical trials in people.†[23] How to cite Malaria Issue Report, Papers

Romantic love is a poor basis for marriage free essay sample

The decline of marriage in the West has been extensively researched over the last three decades (Carmichael and Whittaker; de Vaus; Coontz; Beck-Gernshein). Indeed, it was fears that the institution would be further eroded by the legalisation of same sex unions internationally that provided the impetus for the Australian government to amend the Marriage Act (1961). These amendments in 2004 sought to strengthen marriage by explicitly defining, for the first time, marriage as a legal partnership between one man and one woman. The subsequent heated debates over the discriminatory nature of this definition have been illuminating, particularly in the way they have highlighted the ongoing social significance of marriage, even at a time it is seen to be in decline. Demographic research about partnering practices (Carmichael and Whittaker; Simons; Parker; Penman) indicates that contemporary marriages are more temporary, fragile and uncertain than in previous generations. Modern marriages are now less about a permanent and inescapable union between a dominant man and a submissive female for the purposes of authorised sex, legal progeny and financial security, and more about a commitment between two social equals for the mutual exchange of affection and companionship (Croome). We will write a custom essay sample on Romantic love is a poor basis for marriage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Less research is available, however, about how couples themselves reconcile the inherited constructions of romantic love as selfless and unending, with trends that clearly indicate that romantic love is not forever, ideal or exclusive. Civil marriage ceremonies provide one source of data about representations of love. Civil unions constituted almost 70 per cent of all marriages in Australia in 2010, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The civil marriage ceremony has both a legal and symbolic role. It is a legal contract insofar as it prescribes a legal arrangement with certain rights and responsibilities between two consenting adults and outlines an expectation that marriage is voluntarily entered into for life. The ceremony is also a public ritual that requires couples to take what are usually private feelings for each other and turn them into a public performance as a way of legitimating their relationship. Consistent with the conventions of performance, couples generally customise the rest of the ceremony by telling the story of their courtship, and in so doing they often draw upon the language and imagery of the Western Romantic tradition to convey the personal meaning and social significance of their decision. This paper explores how couples construct the idea of love in their relationship, first by examining the western history of romantic love and then by looking at how this discourse is invoked by Australians in the course of developing civil marriage ceremonies in collaboration with the author. A History of Romantic Love There are many definitions of romantic love, but all share similar elements including an intense emotional and physical attraction, an idealisation of each other, and a desire for an enduring and unending commitment that can overcome all obstacles (Gottschall and Nordlund; Janowiak and Fischer). Romantic love has historically been associated with heightened passions and intense almost irrational or adolescent feelings. Charles Lindholms list of cliches that accompany the idea of romantic love include: love is blind, love overwhelms, a life without love is not worth living, marriage should be for love alone and anything less is worthless and a sham (5). These elements, which invoke love as sacred, unending and unique, perpetuate past cultural associations of the term. Romantic love was first documented in Ancient Rome where intense feelings were seen as highly suspect and a threat to the stability of the family, which was the primary economic, social and political unit. Roman historian Plutarch viewed romantic love based upon strong personal attraction as disruptive to the family, and he expressed a fear that romantic love would become the norm for Romans (Lantz 352). During the Middle Ages romantic love emerged as courtly love and, once again, the conventions that shaped its expression grew out of an effort to control excessive emotions and sublimate sexual desire, which were seen as threats to social stability. Courtly love, according to Marilyn Yalom, was seen as an irresistible and inexhaustible passion; a fatal love that overcomes suffering and even death (66). Feudal social structures had grounded marriage in property, while the Catholic Church had declared marriage a sacrament and a ceremony through which Gods grace could be obtained. In this context courtly love emerged as a way of dealing with the conflict between the individual and family choices over the martial partner. Courtly love is about a pure ideal of love in which the knight serves his unattainable lady, and, by carrying out feats in her honour, reaches spiritual perfection. The focus on the aesthetic ideal was a way to fulfil male and female emotional needs outside of marriage, while avoiding adultery. Romantic love re-appeared again in the mid-eighteenth century, but this time it was associated with marriage. Intellectuals and writers led the trend normalising romantic love in marriage as a reaction to the Enlightenments valorisation of reason, science and materialism over emotion. Romantics objected to the pragmatism and functionality induced by industrialisation, which they felt destroyed the idea of the mysterious and transcendental nature of love, which could operate as a form of secular salvation. Love could not be bought or sold, argued the Romantics, it is mysterious, true and deep, spontaneous and compelling (Lindholm 5). Romantic love also emerged as an expression of the personal autonomy and individualisation that accompanied the rise of industrial society. As Lanz suggests, romantic love was part of the critical reflexivity of the Enlightenment and a growing belief that individuals could find self actualisation through the expression and expansion of their emotional and intellectual capacities in union with another (354). Thus it was romantic love, which privileges the feelings and wishes of an individual in mate selection, that came to be seen as a bid for freedom by the offspring of the growing middle classes coerced into marriage for financial or property reasons. Throughout the 19th century romantic love was seen as a solution to the dehumanising forces of industrialisation and urbanisation. The growth of the competitive workplacewhich required men to operate in a restrained and rational mannersaw an increase in the search for emotional support and intimacy within the domestic domain. It has been argued that love was the central preoccupation of middle class men from the 1830s until the end of the 19th century (Stearns and Knapp 771). However, the idealisation of the aesthetic and purity of love impacted marriage relations by casting the wife as pure and marital sex as a duty. As a result, husbands pursued sexual and romantic relationships outside marriage. It should be noted that even though love became cemented as the basis for marriage in the 19th century, romantic love was still viewed suspiciously by religious groups who saw strong affection between couples as an erosion of the fundamental role of the husband in disciplining his wife. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries romantic love was further impacted by urbanisation and migration, which undermined the emotional support provided by extended families. According to Stephanie Coontz, it was the growing independence and mobility of couples that saw romantic love in marriage consolidated as the place in which an individuals emotional and social needs could be fully satisfied. Coontz says that the idea that women could only be fulfilled through marriage, and that men needed women to organise their social life, reached its heights in the 1950s (25-30). Changes occurred to the structure of marriage in the 1960s when control over fertility meant that sex was available outside of marriage. Education, equality and feminism also saw women reject marriage as their only option for fulfilment. Changes to Family Law Acts in western jurisdictions in the 1970s provided for no-fault divorce, and as divorce lost its stigma it became acceptable for women to leave failing marriages. These social shifts removed institutional controls on marriage and uncoupled the original sexual, emotional and financial benefits packaged into marriage. The resulting individualisation of personal lifestyle choices for men and women disrupted romantic conventions, and according to James Dowd romantic love came to be seen as an investment in the future that must be approached carefully and rationally (552). It therefore became increasingly difficult to sustain the idea of love as a powerful, mysterious and divine force beyond reason. Methodology In seeking to understand how contemporary partnering practices are reconstituting romantic love, I draw upon anecdotal data gathered over a nine-year period from my experiences as a marriage celebrant. In the course of personalising marriage ceremonies, I pose a series of questions designed to assist couples to explain the significance of their relationship. I generally ask brides and grooms why they love their fiance, why they want to legalise their relationship, what they most treasure about their partner, and how their lives have been changed by their relationship. These questions help couples to reflexively interrogate their own relationship, and by talking about their commitment in concrete terms, they produce the images and descriptions that can be used to describe for guests the internal motivations and sentiments that have led to their decision to marry. I have had couples, when prompted to explain how they know the other person loves them say, in effect: I know that he loves me because he brings me a cup of coffee every morning or I know that she loves me because she takes care of me so well. These responses are grounded in a realism that helps to convey a sense of sincerity and authenticity about the relationship to the couples guests. This realism also helps to address the cynicism about the plausibility of enduring love. The brides and grooms in this sample of 300 couples were a socially, culturally and economically diverse group, and they provided a wide variety of responses ranging from deeply nuanced insights into the nature of their relationship, to admissions that their feelings were so private and deeply felt that words were insufficient to convey their significance. Reoccurring themes, however, emerged across the cases, and it is evident that even as marriage partnerships may be entered into for a variety of reasons, romantic love remains the mechanism by which couples talk of their feelings for each other. Australian Love and Marriage Australians attitudes to romantic love and marriage have, understandably, been shaped by western understandings of romantic love. It is evident, however, that the demands of late modern capitalist society, with its increased literacy, economic independence and sexual equality between men and women, have produced marriage as a negotiable contract between social equals. For some, like Carol Pateman, this sense of equality within marriage may be illusory. Nonetheless, the drive for individual self-fulfilment by both the bride and groom produces a raft of challenges to traditional ideas of marriage as couples struggle to find a balance between independence and intimacy; between family and career; and between pursuing personal goals and the goals of their partners. This shift in the nature of marriage has implications for the quest for undying romantic love, which according to Anthony Giddens has been replaced by other forms of relationship, each entered into for its own sake, for what can be derived by each person from a sustained association with another; and which is continued only in so far as it is thought by both parties to deliver enough satisfactions for each individual to stay within it (qtd. in Lindholm 6). The impact of these social changes on the nature of romantic love in marriage is evident in how couples talk about their relationship in the course of preparing a ceremony. Many couples describe the person they are marrying as their best friend, and friendship is central to their commitment. This description supports research by V. K. Oppenheimer which indicates that many contemporary couples have a more egalitarian collaborative approach to marriage (qtd. in Carmichael and Whittaker 25). It is also standard for couples to note in ceremonies that they make each other happy and contented, with many commenting upon how their partners have helped to bring focus and perspective to their work-oriented lives. These comments tend to invoke marriage as a refuge from the isolation, competition, and dehumanising elements of workplaces. Since emotional support is central to the marriage contract, it is not surprising that care for each other is another reoccurring theme in ceremonies. Many brides and grooms not only explicitly say they are well taken care of by their partner, but also express admiration for their partners treatment of their families and friends. This behaviour appears to be seen as an indicator of the individuals capacity for support and commitment to family values. Many couples admire partners kindness, generosity and level of personal self-sacrifice in maintaining the relationship. It is also not uncommon for brides and grooms to say they have been changed by their love: become kinder, more considerate and more tolerant. Honesty, communication skills and persistence are also attributes that are valued. Brides and grooms who have strong communication skills are also praised. This may refer to interpersonal competency and the willingness to acquire the skills necessary to negotiate the endless compromises in contemporary marriage now that individualisation has undermined established rules, rituals and roles. Persistence and the ability not to be discouraged by setbacks is also a reoccurring theme, and this connects with the idea that marriage is work. Many couples promise to grow together in their marriage and to both take responsibility for the health of their relationship. This promise implies awareness that marriage is not the fantasy of happily ever after produced in romantic popular culture, but rather an arrangement that requires hard work and conscious commitment, particularly in building a union amidst many competing options and distractions. Many couples talk about their relationship in terms of companionship and shared interests, values and goals. It is also not uncommon for couples to say that they admire their partner for supporting them to achieve their life goals or for exposing them to a wider array of lifestyle choices and options like travel or study. These examples of interdependence appear to make explicit that couples still see marriage as a vehicle for personal freedom and self-realisation. The death of love is also alluded to in marriage ceremonies. Couples talk of failed past relationships, but these are produced positively as a mechanism that enables the couple to know that they have now found an enduring relationship. It is also evident that for many couples the decision to marry is seen as the formalisation of a preexisting commitment rather than the gateway to a new life. This is consistent with figures that show that 72 per cent of Australian couples chose to cohabit before marriage (Simons 48), and that cohabitation has become the normative pathway to marriage (Penman 26). References to children also feature in marriage ceremonies, and for the couples I have worked with marriage is generally seen as the pre-requisite for children. Couples also often talk about being ready for marriage. This seems to refer to being financially prepared. Robyn Parker citing the research of K. Edin concludes that for many modern couples rushing into marriage before being set is irresponsiblemarrying well (in the sense of being well prepared) is the way to avoid divorce (qtd. in Parker 81). From this overview of reoccurring themes in the production of Australian ceremonies it is clear that romantic love continues to be associated with marriage. However, couples describe a more grounded and companionable attachment. These more practical and personalised sentiments serve to meet both the public expectation that romantic love is a precondition for marriage, while also avoiding the production of romantic love in the ceremony as an empty cliche. Grounded descriptions of love reveal that attraction does not have to be overwhelming and unconquerable. Indeed, couples who have lived together and are intimately acquainted with each others habits and disposition, appear to be most comfortable expressing their commitment to each other in more temperate, but no less deeply felt, terms. Conclusion This paper has considered how brides and grooms constitute romantic love within the shifting partnering practices of contemporary Australia. It is evident in the midst of significant social and economic change and at a time when individual rights and freedom of choice are important cultural values marriage remains socially significant (Simons 50). This significance is partially conveyed through the language of romantic love, which, while freighted with an array of cultural and historical associations, remains the lingua franca of marriage, perhaps because as Roberto Unger observes, romantic love is the most influential mode of moral vision in our culture (qtd. in Lindholm 5). It is thus possible to conclude, that while marriage may be declining and becoming more fragile and impermanent, the institution remains important to couples in contemporary Australia. Moreover, the language and imagery of romantic love, which publicly conveys this importance, remains the primary mode of expressing care, affection and hope for a partnership, even though the changed partnering practices of late modern capitalist society have exposed the utopian quality of romantic love and produced a cynicism about the viability of its longevity. It is evident in the marriage ceremonies prepared by the author that while the language of romantic love has come to signify a broader range of more practical associations consistent with the individualised nature of modern marriage and demystification of romantic love, it also remains the best way to express what Dowd and Pallotta describe as a fundamental human yearning for communion with and acceptance by another human being (571).