How Fiend Like Is Lady Macbeth Essay Example

How Fiend Like Is Lady Macbeth Paper Lady Macbeth is called a â€Å"fiend-like Queen†. How far do you consider this to be an accurate description? Shakespeare reflects the beliefs of his age. People believed in a natural hierarchy in the 17th century often called the ‘great chain of being’. This says that God is at the top, angels beneath God, beneath angels there are humans, men above women. There was a similar hierarchy for society. This stated that the King would rule the country, men would rule women et cetera. It was seen to be sinful and unnatural for a woman to rule a man. In the play Lady Macbeth turns the order of the hierarchy as she seems to be the one ruling over Macbeth. It is not just Lady Macbeth who doesn’t fit into the hierarchy, the witches also do not fit into it because they can neither be classified as men or women because they have female characteristics but also have beards. Lady Macbeth is seen as a ‘fiend-like Queen’ because she plans the death of Duncan. In the 17th century it was ultimate evil to kill a king because people believed the king was chosen by God. When Lady Macbeth reads the letter by Macbeth she instantly decides that she will make Macbeth kill the king in order for the prophecy to come true. â€Å"That I may pour my spirits in thine ear†, Lady Macbeth says that she will try to influence Macbeth with evil thoughts, example given, death of Duncan so that he can become king because she knows that Macbeth will not do it without being influenced because of his nature. Throughout the play Lady Macbeth is in control and tells Macbeth what to do. We will write a custom essay sample on How Fiend Like Is Lady Macbeth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Fiend Like Is Lady Macbeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Fiend Like Is Lady Macbeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She manipulates Macbeth and questions him about his manhood when he decides it isn’t right to do something. Macbeth: If we should fail? Lady Macbeth: We fail? But screw your courage to the sticking-place, And we’ll not fail. She manipulates Macbeth into going through and murdering Duncan even though he had second thoughts. She knows that Macbeth’s manhood is central to his sense of his own identity so she questions it because she knows that in order to prove that he is a man he will do what she says. And live a coward in thine own esteem. Also she manipulates Macbeth because she knows that he won’t do anything due to his nature. When Lady Macbeth read the letter Macbeth sent her about the prophecies she knew that it was important for Duncan to be dead. Even though Lady Macbeth hasn’t met the witches at all she responds to the witches’ prophecy which was that Macbeth would be king. â€Å"Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts! Unsex me here, Of direst cruelty; make thick my blood, Stop the access and passage to remorse† Lady Macbeth calls on the spirits of darkness and say to make her unwomanly. She uses phrases which are associated with women, â€Å"my milk† and says to turn it into â€Å"gall† this makes her unwomanly and therefore she doesn’t fit any category because she isn’t a man yet she won’t have any characteristics of a woman, she becomes almost like a witch because they also do not fit into any category and also witches are evil and she is calling upon evil to do this. She also says â€Å"Unsex me here† which means to take away all her feminine qualities again making her. She isn’t a â€Å"fiend-like queen† because she can’t hide what she feels when she sees Duncan’s dead body. She faints as soon as the people start asking Macbeth questions this making it easier for Macbeth and drawing attention away form himself because they can tell something is wrong. This is ironic in a way because the night when they were killing Duncan she wasn’t concerned at all but now she pretends to. If Lady Macbeth was really fiend-like then she would show no regret and have no conscience. At the beginning of the play after Duncan’s death, Lady Macbeth seems to be coping but after a while she cannot pretend that everything is all right and starts to give up acting. Lady Macbeth can no longer pretend and has to admit her feminine nature which is to be emotional and be affected by what she made Macbeth do. She had said for there to be dark when the evil deed was done, now Lady Macbeth has got to keep a light by her side â€Å"She has a light by her continually, ’tis her command†. This shows that now she is afraid of the dark as she had asked for there to be dark so that heaven couldn’t see what she was doing. She becomes driven made by guilt by the end of play. At the beginning she is calm and in control of everything she does. She starts sleepwalking and all she thinks about is the death of Duncan. Yet heres a spot †¦ Out, damned spot! Out, I say! †¦ What, will these hands neer be clean? †¦ Heres the smell of the blood still: all the perfumes Of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Lady Macbeth is no longer in control of what she does. She is paying the price. This eventually becomes too much for her to handle and commits suicide. If she was really fiend-like her conscious wouldn’t come back and haunt her. When Lady Macbeth dies Macbeth doesn’t mourn for her. â€Å"She should have dies hereafter; there would have been a time for such a word†. He doesn’t care that she’s dead he would’ve preferred if she dies later on. Lady Macbeth damned herself for Macbeth and now he doesn’t care. After Duncan’s death they became distant. Macbeth wouldn’t tell her about what he was planning to do. Also whatever Lady Macbeth asked to happened to her has happened to Macbeth. She asked for her to be fearless and now Macbeth has become fearless just like a warrior. On the battlefield he was always fearless. Over the years, the fear of being discovered gradually strips Macbeth of the ability to have any human emotions. He becomes a full knight, not just brave: but ruthless; not just bold, but cruel; not just ambitions, but stripped of all meaning or motive to hang on power. In my opinion I don’t think that Lady Macbeth is fiend-like because if you are fiend-like then you would have no emotions or guilt and Lady Macbeth does show this at the end of the play unlike her husband who doesn’t really care anymore. Also whilst planning Duncan’s death she says â€Å"Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had done’t. † She still couldn’t bring herself to kill Duncan even though she had called on the evil spirits to help her do this because Duncan reminds her of her father when he sleeps.

Why do you want to attend ASDOH Essay Example

Why do you want to attend ASDOH Essay Example Why do you want to attend ASDOH Essay Why do you want to attend ASDOH Essay Being the only school of Dentistry and Oral Health in Arizona, I would consider it a personal honor if I am allowed to attend what is the most prestigious and premier dental school in the state. I have considered applying to and attending many out of state schools but my research has shown that no other school can come close to the benefits of studying at ASDOH. I want to become a student at this school because of the way the classes and students will always be community centered. That means that I will be able to put my volunteer learned skills to work while studying. I believe that dentistry is a job that requires the dental professional to have the abilities of patience and compassion in endless quantity and that ASDOH can teach and training me to become a future community and educational leader. I am a person who believes that hands on training beats theoretical training anytime. Which is why I am sure that I shall gain the most benefits out of the exemplary learning environment of the school. I believe that I am a perfect candidate for becoming a student at this school because of my ability to learn under any given condition with a team or alone. I have what is takes to succeed in this field not only because of my strict sense of self discipline, but also because after I have graduated with an ASDOH diploma under my belt, I will also have the most important qualities of compassion, community concern, and clinical experiences that ASDOH will have molded into each of their highly trained and capable graduates.

Prayer in Public schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prayer in Public schools - Essay Example The United States was established on freedom, and one of the freedoms was the freedom of worship or religion. America’s forefathers knew that there had to be a distinction between state and church. This allowed US citizens to practice any religion they chose and they would be no interference from the government. An overabundance of court cases has ruled that having school prayers is unconstitutional. Whereas, having school prayers funded by the administration is constitutional (Oak 1). Moms in prayer are among various groups that hold school prayers. Whereas, the Union of American Civil Liberties is opposed to school prayers. Prayers in school are a debate that has been ranging on since the 1960’s with the milestone case of Engle v. Vitale. This case found that the school wide petitioned prayer narrated by its students was unconstitutional. Various litigation ensued this ruling, whereby the school funded prayer was prohibited, such as during graduations and sporting events. Those that are for school prayer will argue that it allows for religious freedoms and brings back morality within schools (Oak 1). In addition, it allows students to express their right of the First Amendment. Those that are opposing school prayer will argue that one religion may go in contradiction of other religious opinions, with prayer the feeling of religion will be pushed upon them against their beliefs and that goes against their constitutional rights, and not everyone believes in a God. In conclusion, the issue â€Å"Should school prayer be allowed?" is proved justifiably to be "Yes, school prayer is permissible within particular considerations." In actuality, the question is usually an opinionated struggle to attain legislative authority by spiritual groups who wish for a selected system belief. This opinionated resistance does not deduce well into a limited disparity for or against school

Heroes in the Iliad Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Heroes in the Iliad - Thesis Example Such a man is shown as suffering a change in fortune from happiness to misery because of a mistaken act, to which he is led by his hamartia (his ‘effort of judgment’) or, as it is often literally translated, his tragic flaw† (Abrams, 1999). There are two types of tragic heroes, those that are born into nobility with a tragic flaw inherent in their character who are therefore responsible for their own fate and doomed to make a serious error in judgment and those who have achieved great heights or esteem through hard work who eventually realize they have made a huge mistake causing them to face and accept their tragic death with honor. Examples of these tragic heroes can be found in Homer’s Iliad, in the characters of Hector and Achilles. Hector falls into this first category of tragic hero in every way. He is born into a noble family, being the son of King Priam of Troy and he continues to make the same tragic mistake in that he continues to take the credit f or his victories instead of giving honor and credit to the gods or goddesses that have taken his side. This can be seen in his taking credit for the retreat of Diomedes after Zeus threw a thunderbolt in front of Diomedes’ chariot to drive him away. ... However, Hector shows a great deal of courage and strength on the battlefield, earning himself honor and protecting the interests of his family and his people in the process. Being guided by Apollo, he eventually comes up against Patroklos wearing Achilles’ enchanted armor and strikes him down with seeming little trouble. This is because Patroklos has already been struck by Apollo, giving Hector the opening he needs to kill his adversary. With this victory on him â€Å"Hector has hope that they can finally defeat the enemy once and for all. Addressing his assembled troops, he says: ‘Would that I were immortal and ageless for all time, like Athena and Apollo, as surely as this day is bringing evil to the Greeks!’ Hector’s words show that he does not realize his own limitations and that he could never have been so successful without the help of Zeus† (Lefkowitz, 2003, p. 66) and the other gods. This overconfidence leads him to ignore the warnings of Ap ollo, who tells him not to go into hand to hand combat with Achilles and is slain because of his pride and overconfidence in his own abilities and counsel. Achilles, on the other hand, falls more into the second category of a tragic hero. Although it could be said that he was born into nobility of a sort because of his parentage, being the son of the water nymph Thetis and the mortal Peleus (a hero in his own right), Achilles is brought to his death by an error in judgment that leads him to quit the field of battle at a time when his countrymen needed him most. The Iliad starts off with the quarrel that leads Achilles to quit the war as Agamemnon seizes Achilles’ prize, the girl Briseis, in exchange for the princess Chryseis he is forced by Apollo to give up. When Agamemnon’s men come to take Briseis

Continuity Planning Overview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Continuity Planning Overview - Assignment Example e role and task of Business Continuity manager also demand the induction of policies and procedures that may prove beneficial towards the continued business operations if something disastrous happens. The most important aspect of this role is to foresee and preempt the upcoming challenges that may hinder or cause delay in normal business operations. Wallace, Lawrence & Larry (2011) states, â€Å"The Business Continuity Manager leads the company’s planning and recovery efforts. This person’s duties encompass the entire program from assisting in editing plans for providing strategic leadership and vision.† After a detail analysis of the present policies and company wide procedures few changes are deemed essential to ensure pursuance of business continuity objectives in case of a serious calamity or disaster. Salman (2006) observes, â€Å"Identifying key problem areas during audits of business continuity plans can enhance an organizations disaster recovery efforts and ensure the quick return of business activities and services.† An immediate revamp of existing policies in following areas is suggested; A training program is required to be started immediately to educate employees on various concepts and philosophies related to business continuity. This will help to achieve a smooth transition from the existing policies and procedures towards an innovative strategic policy which is sustainable in extraordinary circumstances that the company may face in case of a disaster. The skepticism within the organizational setup needs to be addressed intelligently because the management and the Board are the core decision makers and their support is indispensable for a successful business continuity plan. It must be born in mind that the strategic plan for business continuity is an expensive decision and management can only buy this idea if they can understand the value of the investment. The presenter needs to roll out the new policies in an attractive package to ensure

Online sourcing

Online sourcing As we reach the end of the decade to what extent has online sourcing become a reality? The Internet has become a daily commonplace or even inevitability for businesses as well as it is for our individual needs. It enables us with numbers of possibilities and the new opportunities of its use are still coming up. This essay examines the role of the Internet in international and global sourcing and gives brief description of how the role is being changed or developed over the last decade. It also describes the benefits which come from using the Internet in sourcing activities. Yip and Dempster (2004) call the Internet as a driver of globalization. Its technological characteristics accelerate the globalization process. The Internet is decentralized network without any control so companies can use it to suit their own needs. It enables worldwide communication with no limitation by geographical distance. It is easy and low cost way to send and get information in real time from all over the world. Same authors summarise: â€Å"The Internet is highly complementary to the already trends that are forcing companies to become global, and at most a key driving force of the continued globalization of existing companies.† While international purchasing is simple buying process between buyer and seller from different countries, global sourcing has a wider meaning which includes worldwide integration and coordination of material, processes, technologies and suppliers. (Monczka, Trent, Handfield 2005). The majority of the companies, which decided to source globally, did it because of the motivation of getting the goods and materials as cheap as possible. However, Monczka, Trent, Handfield (2005) give us several other reasons for worldwide sourcing. Companies can get access to the latest product and process technology or they can obtain goods of higher quality. Some companies just follow the practices of competitor in order to remain cost competitive. The aims of global sourcing could be achieved easier with integration of right technology and one of it is the Internet. Lysons, Farrington (2006) use the word e-sourcing which refers to the use of the Internet in decision making process about the ways and locations from where products and services are obtained. Rapid development of information technology affects the all business activities and also in supply chain management the Internet has started to play significant role. Lancioni, Smith, Oliva (2000) argue that the Internet enables businesses to achieve the objectives of supply chain as decreasing the cost or improving communication, more quickly and effectively. According their research about the role of the Internet in supply chain management, companies use the Internet mostly for order processing, purchasing and communication with vendors. Next we closer explain the role of the Internet in sourcing activities. Lancioni (2003) says that the usage of the Internet in business could be multidimensional. He compares years 1999 and 2001 in his research and there is an overall increase of using the Internet in various business activities. According his research the biggest increase is in purchasing nearly by 50%. Firms realised benefits as lower labour expenses as purchasing department staff is reduced, due to computerising of purchasing process. Next area of growth is transportation from 56.2% to 84.3% of asked firms in 2001. Implementing technologies for tracking shipment, placing claims or fleet management improved productivity and lowered level of stock. The usage of the Internet for customer service rose by 15%. Firms improved respond time what accelerates problem solution. There is 12% increase in the use of the Internet for maintaining relationships with suppliers. Firms use application as online catalogues, e-mails, Internet exchanges. Both parties can be in closer touch and is easier to develop strategic partnership. Sourcing as â€Å"the process of identifying, selecting and developing supplier† (Lysons, Farrington, 2006) gives numerous opportunities to use the Internet in these activities even more if we consider sourcing in global context. In the term of identifying suppliers, the Internet represents an enormous source of information for buyer. Searching for the right suppliers has become easier and more cost effective. Barua, Ravindran and Whiston (1997) say that before the wide spread of Internet applications, supplier search using business directories, trade journal or yellow pages revealed only few results. Furthermore, much more focused group of suppliers can be made using the network databases as there is more information available on the Internet. Next, authors make statement about previous, present and future importance of the Internet. Electronic brochures of product and services with catalogues and price lists were the first applications of the Internet in business. Later, the re are search agents for finding the requested product and for comparison of prices. They predicted online processing of bids for products and services to take place in the future. Now, it is obvious that this became reality in the form of online reverse auction. Van Weele (2005) defines it as an auction where price is set by buyer and suppliers need to meet it. Roberts and Mackay (1998) mention that E-mails, searching tools and file transfer were the most used internet applications before. As the World Wide Web has started to play role, more and more companies set their own website to become visible in electronic world. These days, it is necessity for company to have its own webpage. It is a marketing tool and communication place. Customers, business partners and the third parities can easily get information about the company, look at lists of products or they can send their requirements via contact links. Besides going to website of individual supplier, there are numbers of suppliers portals (e.g. globalsources.com, purchasing.com, powersourcing.com) on the Internet where can buyer search for supplier according to required product, industry or country of supplier. Buyers are provided with product information and contact details of suppliers, some of portals offer a brief description of a company or there is a possibility to order or look to its catalogue as well as to contact supplier. Besides free accessible websites which offer lists of supplier from all over the world, there are also specialized marketplaces. Van Weele (2005) defines electronic marketplace as â€Å"a place on the Internet where actual transaction can take place between buyers and sellers†. UK national B2B centre presents on its website (unknown, 2009) various types of such markets and describes the range of services which they provide as lists of suppliers, electronic catalogues, online purchasing or online auction. General benefits of e-marketplaces include forming new trading partnerships or operating on a round-the-clock basis. An international e-market place gives opportunities which otherwise buyer would not be informed of. However, the first beliefs about e-market places and independent business exchanges were not meet as many e-market places failed. Sites were the Internet is used to target customer are the most successful (Tieman 2003, cited by Laseter). As we talk about the software equipment there are numbers of software programmes design for businesses to manage business activities electronically and over the Internet e.g. SAP, Oracle, Ariba. These programmes have also applications for e-procurement. Nowadays, investments to information technology are inevitable for each company which want to success internationally. Schalibly (2004) says: „Company that does not have electronic data cannot even begin to think about the global sourcing.â€Å" Also some companies refuse to cooperate with firm which do not meet their information technology requirements. Companies have recognised that and the investments to IT became the regular line item in their expenditure. Even more it is increasing every year. As the Internet provides us with number of supplier after the initial search, they can be both efficient and inefficient suppliers on the list. Therefore it is necessary to implement strategy for selection and evaluation of supplier. One possibility is to reduce selection according buyer requirements as price of product, size of company or number of years a company operates. Once buyer has a shortlist he can starts to evaluate suppliers. Buyers transaction cost would increase if he wants to evaluate all suppliers (Barua, Ravindran, Whiston, 1997). Trucker and Jones (2000) emphasize other important issues with selecting a supplier. These are using the right searching engines, intelligent agents and training procurement staff to guide the Internet effectively in order to minimize the irrelevant results. As far as developing relationships with suppliers is consider, the Internet is an important communication media. It supports these relationships as it is not costly and easy to connect. Even more, buyers have same opportunity if they deal with local or supplier from greater distance. We talk more about benefits of online communication later. As we mentioned above the Internet is widely used application in online sourcing. The main benefits include improving communication, getting better access to information or possibility to complete the entire purchasing process over the Internet. All these benefits results in cost saving enhance efficiencies and increase profit (Lancioni, Smith, Schau, 2002). Bartezzaghi and Ronchi (2005) give these benefits of applying e-sourcing. Buyer gets product for lower purchasing price and he achieves higher level of efficiency. Number of supplier also decreases by using e-sourcing tools. Communication over the Internet involves e-mails, website contact links and Internet exchanges. From global point of view, the possibility to communicate across the whole world and in different time zones represents the one of the main advantages which the Internet offers in global sourcing (Walters, 2007). Companies are able to contact supplier via E-mail on 24 hour basis as time zones barriers are removed. That was not possible before with using e.g. telephone lines. Sending documents and other files through the Internet became possible as now we have electronic data and electronic signature. Companies save time as sending takes few minutes while post delivery several days. There has also been improvement in customer service as customers can access company website or send requests any time. Results are in reduction of service costs and respond time (Lancioni, Smith, Oliva, 2000). Besides the advantages, there are issues as security and reliability which eliminates the potential use of the Internet. Walters (2007) conducts that as buyer and seller can contact directly via the Internet in a flexible and convenient way there is no need to us services of intermediaries. Transaction costs are reduced. One of the problems is protection of business emails with sensitive information against hackers (Roberts and Mackay, 1998). Although tools of online communication give advantages to salespersons they cannot replace their work. Deeter-Schmelz and Norman Kennedy (2004) argue that organization should design their website in the way to support sales representatives not to replace them. In fact, by using the Internet salesperson can get easier access to required information and by using of online sourcing tools they are free of paper work and they can concentrate on developing customer relationships. There is an example of effective communication system launched by Kia Motors (unknown 2002). The company introduced the distributor communication system in 2002 to connect subsidiaries, distributors with head office around the world through the Internet. The system enables to share information, placing orders or export document in real time. Achieved information from distributors helps KIA to establish strategy according the current market situation for the specific place. Distributors reduced their stock as they have better access to production and shipping information. Not least, trust has been built on both sides. The Internet presents an enormous pool of information and it is simple to create own appearance on this worldwide network. This is important in global sourcing as buyers have access to broader number of suppliers. On the other hand, buyers need to pay more attention to evaluate these suppliers. It is necessary to check their real presence, look for recommendation if they are new on the market or there is not enough information about them. The Internet allows completing the purchasing transaction online. Companies can use it from initial searching and contacting supplier through placing order to final payment of invoice. By doing so, decline of cost of transaction process can be achieved. Paper work is reduced as well as errors appear less. Notably, the whole process of ordering is done quicker. As a result of online purchasing in General Electric there has been a reduction of purchasing staff by 50%. Time period between sending order to receiving product decreased by 40% in the company (Lancioni, Smith, Oliva, 2000). The other benefits include informing vendors of changes in orders, checking the status of order or paying invoices electronically. Companies can track and plan shipment, schedule pickups and deliveries (Lancioni, Smith, Oliva 2000). Same authors give various examples of companies about using the Internet in supply chain management. By using the Internet for shipment scheduling, General Electric can more precisely and cost effectively deliver product on time to the customer. The Internet notifies Air Products and Chemicals of most suitable terminal and plant for serving customer as the company uses the Internet in global sourcing process. Roberts and Mackay (1998) in their article on the role of electronic commerce describe the anticipations coming from the use of the Internet. They talk about the possibilities for buyers as browsing in electronic catalogues, placing order or advancing bids. Suppliers could better organise their production and deliveries as they respond to bids. There are also the third parties which facilitate the marketplace. They offer services as supplier certification, referral, brokering and specialised directories. On the other hand, according to the research made by Deeter-Schmelz and Norman Kennedy (2004) about the usefulness of the Internet in supplier selection and relationship maintenance, statistic shows that buyers consider the Internet to be slightly important as an information source; the more useful sources are sales representatives or users of the product. In the area of selection supplier 42.6% of buyers say that the Internet does not play any important role. As far as communication and relationships with supplier are consider, the Internet is moderately or very important. Additionally, it has been more used in ongoing relationships than in initial stage of contacting supplier. The Internet has in global sourcing process its irreplaceable role. The main role is simple search and communication between buyer and supplier which lead to cost cutting and effectiveness. The Internet became like a â€Å"meeting place† for both supplier and buyer thus their active presence and involvement on this network is inevitable if they want to succeed. However, many expectations have become reality, some still remain in stage for future developing or were simply overrated. There are also activities and situation where human approach or face to face contact can not be replaced with technology. In term of sourcing it is the building trust and long term relationships with trade partners. Referencies 1. Bartezzaghi, E., Ronchi, S. (2005) E-sourcing in a buyer-operator-seller perspective: Benefits and criticalities, Production Planning and Control. Jun, 16 (4), pp.405-412 [online] Available from: 2. Barua, A., Ravindran, S., Whiston, A. (1997) Efficient selection of supplier over the Internet, Journal of management information system. 13 (4), pp.117-134 [online] Available from: 3. Deeter-Schmelt, D.R., Norman Kennedy, K. (2004) Buyer-seller relationships and information sources in an e-commerce world, Jornal of Business and Industrial Marketing. 19 (3), pp. 188-196 [online] Available from: 4. Lancioni, R., Smith, M., Jensen Schau, H. (2003) Strategic Internet application trends in supply chain management, Industrial Marketing Management. 32 (3), pp. 211 217 [online] Available from: 5. Lancioni, R., Smith, M., Oliva, T. (2000) The role of the Internet in supply chain management, Industrial Marketing Management. 29, pp. 45-56 [online] Available from: 6. Lysons, K., Farrington, B. (2006) Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. 7th ed. Essex: Perrson Education limited, p.367 7. Monczka, R., Trent, R., Handfield, R. (2005) Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. 3rd ed. Southwestern: Thomson, p.304, 306-308 8. Roberts, B., Mackay, M. (1998) IT supporting supplier relationships: The role of electronic commerce, European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management. 4, pp.175-184 [online] Available from: 9. Schaibly, L. S. (2004) Making global sourcing asuccess, World Pumps. March, pp.34-36. [online] Available from: 10. Tieman, R. (2003) E-procurement and E-sourcing: Corporate buyers show stronger interest in cost saving online system, Financial Times. November 24, p.3 11. Trucker, D, Jones, L. (2000) Leveraging the power of the Internet for optimal supplier sourcing, Industrial Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistic Management. 30 (3-4), pp. 255-267 [online] Available from: [Accessed 21.11.2009] 12. Van Weele, A. (2005) Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. 4th ed. London: Thomson Learning, p.169-171 13. Walters, P., (2008) Adding value in global B2B supply chains: Strategic directions and the role of the Internet as e driver of competitive advantage, Industrial Marketing Management. 37, pp. 59-68 [online] Available from: Science direct [Accessed 21.11.2009] 14. Yip, G., Dempster, A. (2004) Using the Internet to enhance global strategy, European Management Journal. 23 (1), pp. 1-13 [online] Available from: Science direct [Accessed 21.11.2009] 15. unknown 2008 E-marketplaces, online auctions and exchanges [Accessed 21.11.2009] 16. unknown, (2002)Kia Motors to launch Kia Distributor Communication System [Accessed 21.11.2009]

Teacher Quality in Education Essay -- essays papers

Teacher Quality in Education Teacher quality has a major influence on how the students will learn and perceive the information given. As time has gone by, teachers have gone through many things that can help them become better teachers. There are tests in which to certify them and to make sure that they can teach to their best ability. In some cases, even if a teacher is certified they might not be fully interested in their teaching so the students might not be getting the full attention that they need and they might not be working to the best of their abilities. They feel that if the teacher isn’t showing interest, then why should they. Teacher burnout is something that occurs in teachers when they become disinterested in their teaching. All of these things are major factors in teacher quality and this essay will prove how these aspects lead to either positive or negative teacher quality. Throughout history it has been a long process in getting teachers to be certified. â€Å"In 1858, the superintendent first authorizes that teachers need to be certified. In the year of 1873, the state board of education created an examination that teachers needed to pass in order to be certified within the school systems. In 1876, the board of education of cities of the first and second class were authorized to certify teachers. In 1893, the state board of education authorized to substitute credit from approved colleges for examination in those subjects as qualification for the certification of teachers. In 1909, the state board of education authorized to issue certificates to high school graduates completing high school normal training courses and passing a state examination. In the year of 1915, the legislature set Bachelor degr... ... 8, 2003. http://npin.org/pnews/2001/pnew1101/int1101d.html This article states that how a teacher teaches their students affects their abilities in and out of the classroom. The article also gives ideas on how parents can get involved and make sure that the kids are getting the best education that they can. Klicka, C. (2003). The Myth of Teacher Qualifications. Obtained from the internet on November 8, 2003. http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000002/00000214.asp This article is stating the things that help to make a teacher more qualified to teach. It also says that even some qualified teachers should not be qualified because they aren’t putting their greatest effort into it. No Author Stated. (2002). Teacher Certification. Obtained from the internet on November 8, 2003. http://www.kckps.org/disthistory/state_school_history/tchr_certification.htm Teacher Quality in Education Essay -- essays papers Teacher Quality in Education Teacher quality has a major influence on how the students will learn and perceive the information given. As time has gone by, teachers have gone through many things that can help them become better teachers. There are tests in which to certify them and to make sure that they can teach to their best ability. In some cases, even if a teacher is certified they might not be fully interested in their teaching so the students might not be getting the full attention that they need and they might not be working to the best of their abilities. They feel that if the teacher isn’t showing interest, then why should they. Teacher burnout is something that occurs in teachers when they become disinterested in their teaching. All of these things are major factors in teacher quality and this essay will prove how these aspects lead to either positive or negative teacher quality. Throughout history it has been a long process in getting teachers to be certified. â€Å"In 1858, the superintendent first authorizes that teachers need to be certified. In the year of 1873, the state board of education created an examination that teachers needed to pass in order to be certified within the school systems. In 1876, the board of education of cities of the first and second class were authorized to certify teachers. In 1893, the state board of education authorized to substitute credit from approved colleges for examination in those subjects as qualification for the certification of teachers. In 1909, the state board of education authorized to issue certificates to high school graduates completing high school normal training courses and passing a state examination. In the year of 1915, the legislature set Bachelor degr... ... 8, 2003. http://npin.org/pnews/2001/pnew1101/int1101d.html This article states that how a teacher teaches their students affects their abilities in and out of the classroom. The article also gives ideas on how parents can get involved and make sure that the kids are getting the best education that they can. Klicka, C. (2003). The Myth of Teacher Qualifications. Obtained from the internet on November 8, 2003. http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000002/00000214.asp This article is stating the things that help to make a teacher more qualified to teach. It also says that even some qualified teachers should not be qualified because they aren’t putting their greatest effort into it. No Author Stated. (2002). Teacher Certification. Obtained from the internet on November 8, 2003. http://www.kckps.org/disthistory/state_school_history/tchr_certification.htm

International Markets Essay

Once SAB Miller has decided to establish itself in the global market, it becomes necessary for the marketing manager to study and analyze the various options available to enter the international markets and select the most suitable one. The selection of the entry mode is one of the most significant decisions.SAB Miller takes in the process of internationalization, as it involves commitment of resources with long-term financial and structural implications. Mode of entry may be defined as an institutional mechanism by which a firm makes its products or services available to consumer in international markets. Root (1994) defines the market entry for international markets as a comprehensive plan which sets forth the objectives,goals,resources,and policies that guide a company’s international business operations over a future period long enough to achieve sustainable growth in world markets. FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF ENTRY MODE EXTERNAL MODES MARKET SIZE:Market size is one of the key factors an international marketer has to develop to keep in mind when selecting an entry strategy.Countries with a large market size justify the modes of entry with investment,such as wholly owned subsiaries or equity participation. MARKET GROWTH:Most of the large,established markets,such US,Europe and Japan,have more or less reached a point of saturation for consumer goods such as automobiles,consumer electronics.Therefore,the growth of markets in these countries is showing a declining trend.For instance,the overall growth in most of the US and European market is about 7% while emerging markets like India and China is over 30% which indicates tremendous market potential in time to come. Therefore,from the perspective of long-term growth potential such as China,India,Thailand,Indonesia etc.These markets are also termed emerging markets. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS:The selection of market entry modes to a great extent affected by the legislative framework of the overseas market,the government of most of the Gulf countries have made it mandatory for foreign firms to have local partner.For instance,the UAE is a lucrative market for Indian firms but most firms operate there with a local partner. Trade barriers such as ecological regulations and local content requirements also affect the mode of entry.It has been a major reason for  increased foreign investment in Mexico,which is a part of the North American Free Agreement(NAFTA),in order to cater to the US market. LEVEL OF COMPETITION:Presence of competitors and their level of involvement in an overseas market is another crucial factor in deciding on an entry mode so as to effectively respond to competitive market force.This is one of the major reasons behind auto companies setting up their operations in India and other emerging markets so as to effectively respond to global competition. INTERNAL MODES COMPANY OBJECTIVES:Companies operating in domestic markets with limited aspirations generally enter foreign markets as a result of a reactive approach to international marketing oppurtunities.In such cases,companies receive unsoliated orders from acquaintances,firms and relatives based abroad,and they attempt to fulfil these export orders.This casual approach to entering international markets by way of producing in the homemarket and exporting overseas translates into regular exporting if the firm has positive experience in its exports operation. AVAILABILTY OF COMPANY RESOURCES:Venturing into international markts needs substantial commitment of financial and human resources and therefore choice of an entry mode depends upon the financial strength of a firm.It may be observed that Indian firms with good financial strength have entered international markets by way of wholly owned subsidiaries or equity participation. LEVEL OF COMMITMENT:In view of the market potential,the willingness of the company to commit resources in a particular market also determines the entry mode choice.Companies need to evaluate various investment alternatives in a particular market also depends upon the way the company is willing to perceive and respond to competitive forces. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE:A company well exposed to the dynamics of the international marketing environment would be at ease when making a decision regarding entering into international markets with a highly intensive mode of entry such as joint venture and wholly owned subsidiaries. Below are different modes of market entry and they include: EXPORTING Exporting is the simplest method of entering a foreign market.It is the  process of sending goods or services from country to other countries for use or sale there. By exporting to a foreign country,a company is able to enter this country without actually establishing itself in the country.The company must simply manufacture products that can be shipped to the foreign country.Export activities may take several forms,including indirect exporting,direct exporting,and intracorporate transfers. Direct exports represent the most basic mode of exporting, capitalizing on economies of scale in production concentrated in the home country and affording better control over distribution. Direct export works the best if the volumes are small. Types of direct exporting are: Sales representatives – that represent foreign suppliers/manufacturers in their local markets for an established commission on sales. Provide support services to a manufacturer regarding local advertising, local sales presentations, customs clearance formalities, legal requirements. Importing distributors – purchase product in their own right and resell it in their local markets to wholesalers, retailers, or both. Indirect Exporting Indirect export is the process of exporting through domestically based export intermediaries. Indirect methods of exporting requires less marketing investment, but, as the exporter has no control over its products in the foreign market, the company lose substantial control over the marketing process. Types or methods of indirect exporting are: Filling orders from domestic buyers who then export the product Seeking out domestic buyers who represent foreign customers Exporting through an Export Management Company (EMC) Exporting through an Export Trading Company (ETC) INTRACORPORATE TRANSFERS A third form of export activity is the intracorporate transfer,which has become more important as the sizes of MNCs have increased.An intracorporate transfer is the sale of goods by a firm in one country to an affiliated firm in another. LICENCING License is a contract to identify what is being licensed: trademarks, patents, designs, copyrights or software. Licensing allows rapidly entering into the chosen foreign market and reduces capital requirements to establish manufacturing facilities overseas. Your contract does not violation of the host country’s existing laws and regulations.a licensor in the home country makes limited rights or resources available to the licensee in the host country. The rights or resources may include patents, trademarks, managerial skills, technology, and others that can make it possible for the licensee to manufacture and sell in the host country a similar product to the one the licensor has already been producing and selling in the home country without requiring the licensor to open a new operation overseas. The licensor earnings usually take forms of one time payments, technical fees and royalty payments usually calculated as a percentage of sales. As in this mode of entry the transference of knowledge between the parental company and the licensee is strongly present, the decision of making an international license agreement depend on the respect the host government show for intellectual property and on the ability of the licensor to choose the right partners and avoid them to compete in each other market. Licensing is a relatively flexible work agreement that can be customized to fit the needs and interests of both, licensor and licensee. Franchising The franchising system can be defined as: â€Å"A system in which semi-independent business owners (franchisees) pay fees and royalties to a parent company (franchiser) in return for the right to become identified with its trademark, to sell its products or services, and often to use its business format and system. Compared to licensing, franchising agreements tends to be longer and the franchisor offers a broader package of rights and resources which usually includes: equipment, managerial systems, operation manual, initial trainings, site approval and all the support necessary for the franchisee to run its business in the same way it is done by the franchisor. In addition to that, while a licensing agreement involves things such as intellectual property, trade secrets and others while in franchising it is limited to trademarks and operating know-how of the business. TYPES OF FRANCHISES There are three available types of franchises.The first type is the dealership,a form commonly found in the automobile industry.Here,the manufacturers use franchises to distribute their product lines.These dealership act as the retail stores for the manufacturer.In some distance,they are required to meet quotas established by the manufacturers,but as is the case for any franchise,they benefit from advertising and management support provided by the franchisor.The most common type of franchise is the type that offers a name,image and method of doing business,such as McDonald’s,KFC,Holiday Inn. There are many of these types of franchises,and their listings,with pertinent information can be found in various sources. A third type of franchise offers services.These include personnel agencies,income tax preparation companies and real estate agencies.These franchises have established names and reputation and methods of doing business.In some distances,such as real estate,the franchisee has actually been operating a business and then applies to become a member of the franchise. CONTRACT MANUFACTURING Contract manufacturing refers to a situation where a business will engage the services of an independent party to perform a specified duty for the business. In terms of manufacturing, contract manufacturing refers to a situation where a manufacturer will engage the services of an independent party to perform a specified job. There are various reasons for this type of engagement by manufacturers, all of which involve the maximization of profit. The process of contract manufacturing also has some negative considerations that include the risk of uncertainty and lack of control over the process. WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIRIES Entering a foreign market with a wholly owned subsidiary involves creating a local firm without the aid of a local partner. There are two ways of doing this. The first is through what is called greenfield development. This involves creating a new organization in the foreign country from the ground up. The second method is what is referred to as brownfield development. This involves purchasing an existing company in a foreign country. Brownfield developments can be beneficial because they offer local expertise, but they can be difficult because there may be resistance from those in the company  to new ownership. JOINT VENTURE A market entry option which the exporter and a domestic company in the target country join together to form a new incorporated company. Both parties provide equity and resources to the JV and share in the management, profits and losses. The JV be limited to the life of a particular project. This option is popular in countries where there are restrictions on foreign ownership, eg. China and Vietnam PIGGYBACKING Piggyback marketing – low cost market entry strategy in which two or more firms represent one another’s complementary (but non-competing) products in their respective market. Or, in other words, it is an arrangement, where two or more companies help each other to market their products, where the products have to be complementary and not competing against each other. LEVEL OF INVOLVEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS No direct foreign marketing: A company in this stage does not actively cultivate customers outside national boundaries; however this company’s products may reach foreign markets. Sales may be made to trading companies as well as foreign customers who come directly to the firm. Or products may reach foreign markets via domestic wholesalers or distributors who sell abroad without explicit encouragement or even knowledge of the producer. As companies develop web sites on the internet, many receive orders from international Web surfers. Often an unsolicited order from a foreign is what piques the interest of a company to seek additional international sales. Infrequent Foreign marketing: Temporary surpluses caused by variations in production levels or demand may result in infrequent marketing overseas. The surpluses are characterized by their temporary nature; therefore sales to foreign markets are made as goods are available, with little or no intention of maintaining continuous market representation. As domestic demand increases and absorbs surpluses, foreign sales activity is withdrawn. In this stage, little or no change is seen in company organization or product lines. However, few companies today fit this  model because customers around the world increasingly seek long term commercial relationships. Further, evidence exists that financial returns from initial international expansions are limited. Regular Foreign marketing: At this level, the firm has permanent productive capacity devoted to the production of goods to be marketed in foreign markets. A firm may employ foreign or domestic overseas intermediaries or it may have its own sales force or sales subsidiaries in important markets. The primary focus of operations and production is to service domestic market needs. However, as overseas demand grows, production is allocated for foreign markets, and products may be adapted to meet the needs of individual foreign markets. Profit expectations from foreign markets move from being seen as a bonus to regular domestic profits to a position in which the company becomes dependent on foreign sales and profits to meet its goals. International marketing International marketing is the export, franchising, joint venture or full direct entry of a marketing organization into another country. This can be achieved by exporting a company’s product into another location, entry through a joint venture with another firm in the target country, or foreign direct investment into the target country. The development of the marketing mix for that country is then required – international marketing. It can be as straightforward as using existing marketing strategies, mix and tools for export on the one side, to a highly complex relationship strategy including localization, local product offerings, pricing, production and distribution with customized promotions, offers, website, social media and leadership. Internationalization and international marketing meets the needs of selected foreign countries where a company’s value can be exported and there is inter-firm and firm learning, optimization and efficiency in economies of scale and scope. The firm does not need to export or enter all world markets to be considered an international marketer. Global Marketing Global marketing is a firm’s ability to market to almost all countries on the planet. With extensive reach, the need for a firm’s product or services is  established. The global firm retains the capability, reach, knowledge, staff, skills, insights, and expertise to deliver value to customers worldwide. The firm understands the requirement to service customers locally with global standard solutions or products, and localizes that product as required to maintain an optimal balance of cost, efficiency, customization and localization in a control-customization continuum to best meet local, national and global requirements to position itself against or with competitors, partners, alliances, substitutes and defend against new global and local market entrants per country, region or city. The firm will price its products appropriately worldwide, nationally and locally, and promote, deliver access and information to its customers in the most cost-effective way. The firm also needs to understand, research, measure and develop loyalty for its brand and global brand equity (stay on brand) for the long term. b)OULINE ADVANTAGES AND DISAVANTAGES OF EACH STRATEGY. Advantages of direct exporting: -Control over selection of foreign markets and choice of foreign representative companies. -Good information feedback from target market. -Better protection of trademarks, patents, goodwill, and other intangible property. – Potentially greater sales than with indirect exporting. Disadvantages of direct exporting: – Higher start-up costs and higher risks as opposed to indirect exporting; – Greater information requirements; – Longer time-to-market as opposed to indirect exporting. Advantages of the international franchising mode: -Low political risk -Low cost -Allows simultaneous expansion into different regions of the world -Well selected partners bring financial investment as well as managerial capabilities to the operation. Advantages of indirect exporting -It’s an almost risk-free way to begin. -It demands minimal involvement in the export process. -It allows you to continue to concentrate on your domestic business. -You  have limited liability for product marketing problems — there’s always someone else to point the finger at! -You learn as you go about international marketing. -Depending on the type of intermediary with which you are dealing, you don’t have to concern yourself with shipment and other logistics. Disadvantages of indirect exporting: -Your profits are lower. -You lose control over your foreign sales. -You very rarely know who your customers are, and thus lose the opportunity to tailor your offerings to their evolving needs. -When you visit, you are a step removed from the actual transaction. You feel out of the loop. -The intermediary might also be offering products similar to yours, including directly competitive products, to the same customers instead of providing exclusive representation. -Your long-term outlook and goals for your export program can change rapidly, and if you’ve put your product in someone else’s hands, it’s hard to redirect your efforts accordingly. Advantages of licensing -Obtain extra income for technical know-how and services -Reach new markets not accessible by export from existing facilities -Quickly expand without much risk and large capital investment -Pave the way for future investments in the market -Retain established markets closed by trade restrictions -Political risk is minimized as the licensee is usually 100% locally owned -Is highly attractive for companies that are new in international business. Disadvantages of licensing -Lower income than in other entry modes -Loss of control of the licensee manufacture and marketing operations and practices leading to loss of quality -Risk of having the trademark and reputation ruined by an incompetent partner -The foreign partner can also become a competitor by selling its production in places where the parental company is already in. -investment to attract prospects and support and manage franchisees. Advanatges of Frachising -Franchising provide knowledge of the local markets. A franchise provides franchisees with a certain level of independence where they can operate their business. A franchise provides an established product or service which may already enjoy widespread brand-name recognition. This gives the franchisee the benefits of a pre-sold customer base which would ordinarily takes years to establish. A franchise increases your chances of business success because you are associating with proven products and methods. Franchises may offer consumers the attraction of a certain level of quality and consistency because it is mandated by the franchise agreement. – Disadvantages of franchising: -Franchisees may turn into future competitors. -Demand of franchisees may be scarce when starting to franchise a company, which can lead to making agreements with the wrong candidates -A wrong franchisee may ruin the company’s name and reputation in the market -Dependence on franchisee. -Potential conflicts with franchisee. Advantages of Joint Venture: -Accessing additional financial resources – Asset sharing is one of the best advantages about joint venture. Since, you are able to use larger funds to facilitate the production and operation of projects and products, you facilitate growth. In other words, you increase profit margin and increase your revenue potential. -Sharing the economic risk with co-venturer – It pays to have someone sharing the responsibility with you in case you end up in deep troubles. This is also true with joint venture. Since you are sharing assets, the risk of losing a great deal of money is divided to both parties. -Widening economic scope fast – Building reputation is often difficult, not to mention time consuming and expansive. At a joint venture, you are able to widen your economic scope without spending too much money and waiting for a long time. – Tapping newer methods, technology, and approach you do not have – In order to grow and expand, you need resources in the forms of methods, technology, and approach. For that matter, it would help a lot if you will be able to partner with an entity that presently has the things you don’t and the things you need. Joint venture opens up the venue for such need. -Building relationship with vital contacts – Aside from economic territory, another advantage of joint venture is the ability to give you business relationships with vital contacts. This is just like automatically befriending your partner’s influential friend that can give you access to lots of things such as business opportunities and a pass to vital information. Disadvantages of Joint Venture: -Shared profit – Since you share assets, you also share the profit. The profit of both parties usually depends on the size of the share to the venture or may be defined on the agreement. -Diminished control over some important matters – Operational control and decision making are sometimes compromised in joint ventures. Since there is an agreement that divides which one will take over a particular operation, the other may not be satisfied with how the things are worked out with another. This leads us to another disadvantage of a joint venture. -Undesired outcome of the quality of the product or project – Since one party may not have control on the supervision of the production or the execution of one part of the system, this can happen. This often leads to disputes and lawsuits. To avoid this, both parties agree on specific details about the whole operation process. -Uncontrolled or unmonitored increase in the operating cost – Again, defined control over the operation may lead to this disadvantage. It is important therefore to make sure that all things are clarified on the paper before singing in the joint venture agreement. Advantages of contract manufacturing -Low financial risks – contract manufacturing allows companies to save costs by manufacturing a particular item at a cheaper rate than what it would cost them If they decided to undertake the manufacturing process themselves. – it allows the company doing the outsourcing to shave some time off the whole process, giving them quicker returns and turnovers. – Where a company is less effective than another in manufacturing an item, contract manufacturing will allow it to concentrate on that in which it is the most efficient. Disadvantages of contract manufacturing -Reduced learning potential -Potential public relations problems may need to monitor working conditions. -The company doing the outsourcing faces some degree of risk if it fails to do its research properly. This is because outsourcing the manufacturing to the wrong company could end up costing the company more, rather than less, if the outsourced company fails to deliver as expected. Advantages of wholly owned subsidiaries On the positive side, a wholly-owned subsidiary that does its business in a location different from the parent company’s is able to remain in its locale. With the business world spanning so many countries, this can serve as a great advantage in international situations. Name recognition is another positive reason for maintaining a wholly-owned subsidiary. If a particular brand name is well known and popular, the parent company has no reason to absorb the subsidiary entirely. Wholly-owned status allows the subsidiary to retain its name brand, thus avoiding hindering its sales. Diversity for the parent company is another perk created by maintaining a wholly-owned subsidiary. This status allows the parent company to branch out into different products and markets, building strength in diversification. Disadvantages of wholly owned subsidiaries a wholly-owned subsidiary are more business oriented. The holding company runs a definite risk in assuming control of another company while allowing its management to continue to operate independently of the parent company’s. The level of investment and allocation of funds and resources required is also very high. A parent company must spend a great deal of time and money to smoothly integrate the new subsidiary.All of these factors require commitment and dedication on the part of the holding company and willingness to form that partnership on the part of the subsidiary. Advantages of piggybacking reduced financial costs limited risk quick, easy access to the market. Generally, the supported company can make immediate profits on the new market. The SME can, thus save time (3-5 years), compared to the normal length of time necessary to establish itself ; reduced logistical and administrative operations ; benefit of the brand image that the supporting company brings to its products ; immediate availability of a sales force structure ; excellent market knowledge of the supporting company. Disadvantages of piggybacking weak motivation of large companies to become supporters ; difficulty in finding partners offering a compatible product and distribution network ; risk of market loss, which can be reduced due to the complementarity of the product, and commercial follow-up between the partners ; occasional difficult relations because of differences in size or culture ; risk of lack of mutual confidence and of lack of involvement ; risk of conflict of interest (e.g. local agents could systematically put the interests of the supporting company before those of the supported company) ; occasional very rigid requirements and conditions of access to the commercial networks of large companies. These conditions can be qualitative (e.g.: product quality) and quantitative (minimum level of annual turnover, high commissions, etc.). Macro Environmental Influences That Can Affect SAB Millers SABMiller’s origins date back to the foundation of Castle Breweries in 1895 as to serve a growing market of miners and prospectors in and around Johannesburg, South Africa. Two years later, it became the first industrial company to list on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange and the year after (1898) it listed on the London Stock Exchange. From the early 1990s onwards, the company increasingly expanded internationally, making several acquisitions in both emerging and developed markets. In 1999, it formed a new UK-based holding company, SAB plc, and moved its primary listing to London. In May 2002, SAB plc acquired Miller Brewing, forming SABMiller plc. It is very important that SAB Miller considers its environment before going into international the market. In fact, environmental analysis should be continuous and feed all aspects of their planning to go international The macro-environment refers to the major external and uncontrollable factors that influence an organization’s decision making, and affect its performance and strategies. These factors include the Political (and legal) forces, Economic forces, Sociocultural forces, and Technological forces. These are known as the PEST factors. PEST Analysis Political Factors: The political environment revolves around the current government in a particular country in which SAB Miller manufactures or trades, and also laws/legislation operate or within their home market as well as overseas. If their government is socialist then perhaps there is a policy to tax more and to invest in the public sector. On the other hand if SAB Millers have a more conservative or Republican government then the free-market is left to take control, taxation is less and there is often a smaller public sector. The political arena has a huge influence upon the regulation of the business, and the spending power of consumers and other businesses. SAB Miller must consider issues like: †¢How stable is the political environment in that country? †¢Will government policy of that country influence laws that regulate or tax SAB Miller? †¢What is the government’s position on marketing ethics? †¢What is the government’s policy on the economy? †¢Does the government have a view on culture and religion? †¢Is the government involved in trading agreements such as EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, or others? Economic Factors The economic environment is a direct influence on all businesses. Obviously if you are studying marketing there is a huge element of economics within the topic itself, and you should be no stranger to the principles of economics. As we saw from our lesson on the marketing environment there is a macro environment, and internal environment and the microenvironment. More specifically you’ll be at looking elements such as where a business is in terms of the current business cycle, and whether or not they are trading in a recession. SAB Millers marketers need to consider the state of a trading economy in the short and long-terms. This is especially true when planning for international marketing. You need to look at: 1. Interest rates. 2. The level of inflation Employment level per capita. 3. Long-term prospects for the economy Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, and so on. Sociocultural Factors The Sociocultural environment embodies everything which is social and cultural within a nation or society. There are plenty of examples of society and culture on the marketing teacher website, so we recommend that you go to our lesson store and look through some of the consumer behaviour pages. Some notable examples would include the influence of learning, memory, emotion and perception, motivation, lifestyle and attitude and consumer culture. Have a look at the six living generations in America, social environment and class, the impact of your birth order on how you behave as a consumer and take a look at the eight types of online shoppers. In a more general sense consider influences such as the increase in life expectation of Western consumers, and demographics which is the study of populations. The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country. It is very important that such factors are considered. Factors include: 1. What is the dominant religion? 2. What are attitudes to foreign products and services? 3. Does language impact upon the diffusion of products onto markets? 4. How much time do consumers have for leisure? 5. What are the roles of men and women within society? 6. How long are the population living? Are the older generations wealthy? 7. Do the population have a strong/weak opinion on green issues? Technological Factors Technological factors are a multifaceted influencer. Let’s just think about the sorts of technology that you come in touch with almost daily. Smart phones such as Android and iphone are now common – all – garden, and we are used to being able to access information and communication technology instantly no matter where we are. During studies or at work we have access to information on quick PCs and over the Internet, with faster broadband connections arriving in many parts of the world. Technology also surrounds business processes. As we saw from our lesson on the functions within an organisation all departments use information technology or technology in one form or another. Our manufacturing operations will use technology to produce goods and services. Our logistics and warehousing functions use forklifts and Lorries as well as order tracking technology and software. The customer service department will use communication technology to talk to customers but will also have access to internal systems, such as technology to simplify credit control and stock control for example. There are many, many more examples of technology. Technology is vital for competitive advantage, and is a major driver of globalization. Consider the following points: 1. Does technology allow for products and services to be made more cheaply and to a better standard of quality? 2. Do the technologies offer consumers and businesses more innovative products and services such as Internet banking, new generation mobile telephones, etc? 3. How is distribution changed by new technologies e.g. books via the Internet, flight tickets, auctions, etc? 4. Does technology offer companies a new way to communicate with consumers e.g. banners, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), etc?

Still Night by Li Bai

Key Words: poem, translation, comparison Text Introduction: â€Å"Still night thoughts† Is one of the most popular poems In china, for Its words are simple, sentences are easily understood, and Its meaning arouses sympathy. It depicts in a silent moon night, the author sitting on the bed saw bright moonlight on the floor, and then he raised his head and watched the same moon that was above him and also above his homeland, which reminded him of his home. After that, he hung his hand, missing his hometown.There are dozens of â€Å"Still night thoughts% translations, I pick up five of them and compare them as following to present the effect of recreation and word selection in the poetry translation. Comparative Analysis: Version one: Night Meditation In front of my flooded with moonbeam, I mistook for frost appears on the floor; Lifting my head trying to watch the moon, I dropped again for missing our home town. This version is from a veteran writer Line Juliann The length of se ntence Is almost the same that each sentence Is composed of seven or eight words.At this point, It resembles five character quatrains. Meanwhile, the meaning of every sentence Is very closely to the original one and there Is only a little adjustment of rod order In first two sentences. Obviously, Len tried hard to accommodate his translation with the original one. In terms of form, this version Is very faithful. However, the use of some verbs Is not proper. For example, â€Å"trying† means make an attempt or effort, but in the third sentence, the author raised his head spontaneously when he found the light from the ground.In the fourth sentence, the verb â€Å"drop† means Tall suddenly, out In Tanat scene, writer was adsorbed In nostalgia; odometer, according to common sense, he must not have made such a big movement. In addition, there are some commendable creations in this version. In the first sentence, Line used the verb â€Å"flooded† vividly to highlight t he brightness of the moonbeam. In the fourth sentence, â€Å"our hometown† instead of â€Å"my hometown† arouses association that someone in the author's hometown is also watching the moon and missing him. They are the translator's recreation of the original poem.In general, it is a good translation and expresses Lie Basis emotion accurately. Version two: Thoughts in a Tranquil Night Athwart the bed I watch the moonbeams cast a trail So bright, so cold, so frail, That for a space it gleams Like hoarfrost on the margin of my dreams. I raise my head -? The splendid moon I see: Then drop my head, And sink to dreams of thee -? My fatherland, of thee! This version is from the British gemologist L. Crammer-Bang. His translation is very different from the original poem in form and meaning. The sentences are complicated and the expressions are too far away from the original one.We can find no evidence in Lie Basis poem about â€Å"so cold, so frail† in the second senten ce and â€Å"on the margin of my dreams† in the fifth sentence. Also, in the last sentence, the noun fatherland† departed from the author's opinion, because the creation time of â€Å"Still night thoughts† was in the glorious age of Tang dynasty, Lie ABA wrote this poem to express his homesickness rather than patriotism. I suppose the translator was not familiar with the creation background of the original poem, yet the culture background is the important part to analysis the motivation of writer's work and to comprehend it better.Though L. Crammer-Bang tried hard to recreate â€Å"Still night thoughts†, his lacking of culture background led to improper change. As a whole, this version is not a successful translation. Version three: So bright a gleam on the foot of my bed, Could there have been a frost already? Lifting my head to look, I found that it was moonlight, Sinking back again, I thought suddenly of home. This version is from a Harold Witter Banner , an American poet. Though its form differs from the original one, it is a simple and beautiful poem.It began with the phrase â€Å"so bright† attracting the readers to read forward and distinctively showed ten Darlingness AT ten Mooney. In ten second sentence, ten translator a mention what the bright gleam was, instead he wrote a rhetorical question â€Å"Could here have been a frost already? † he did not used any words to express â€Å"R' in the original poem, his expression manifested it well. In the next sentences, he selected the word â€Å"lift† and â€Å"sink† to display the writer's movement. â€Å"Lift† and â€Å"sink† comported the slow movement which implied the complex emotion of he writer.In the last sentence, Banner utilized the adverb the â€Å"suddenly' which added the finishing touch the pen. Despite of no related words in the original poem about the word â€Å"suddenly', we can feel from the scene that Lie ABA watched th e moon which associated him with he homeland, and then the strong emotion of homesickness occurred to him, so the nostalgia was a spasm. Banner stretched his imagination moderately and added the hidden meaning into the translation. Overall, this version not only displays the beauty of â€Å"Still night thoughts†, but also showed the translator bilingual language skill.Version four: As by my bed The moon did beam, It seemed as if with frost the earth were spread. But soft I raise My head, to gaze At the fair moon. And now, With head bent low, Of home I dream. This version is also from a foreigner John Turner. This version and it is a typical English poem. There are various sentence patterns and some sentences are separated into different lines and different in size. For instance, in the last two sentences, â€Å"With head bent IoW' is an independent nominative sentence and â€Å"of home I dream† is an inverted sentence.All these sentences in picturesque disorder presen t the irregular beauty of the English poem. As for selection of words, Turner did a good Job as well. Since the translator has already mentioned the moon in the first line, it is proper to use â€Å"seemed as † to express Also, the verb â€Å"gaze† emphasized the writer looked at the moon for a long time that well displayed the complicated feelings in the writer's heart. The phrase â€Å"bent IoW' used by Turner accurately depicts the slowly and gently movement of the writer's head. Anther apparent characteristic of this translation is its rhyme.It adopts iambic pentameter that is â€Å"ABA CD b† rhyme which makes the poem full of beauty of sound. However, the word â€Å"beam† in the second sentence is not suitable, for â€Å"beam† is used to indict a line of light which is different from the scene that the moonlight covered the ground. Soft† in the fourth line is unnecessary, for the reason that the writer is not prepared to feel sad and he raised his head naturally when he saw the light on the floor. It is superfluous to add the word â€Å"soft† here to enhance the emotion of homesickness.In general, it is a good translation and displays â€Å"Still night thoughts† with the beauty of English language. Version Twelve: Moonlight before my bed, Could it be frost instead? Head up, I watch the moon; Head down, I think of home. This version is from Chaos Sheehan This translation is simple and easily understood, its structure is clear and lucid, and it is easy to read, sing and memory. At this aspect, this version is very alike the original poem. But this translation is a good poem, because the wording of it is rough.For example, â€Å"head up† and â€Å"head down† in the last two sentences express the movement of raising head and falling head of the writer too straight and directly that they can not present the subtle emotions implied in the movement. In the first two sentences, the translator o mitted all words about the brightness of the moonlight in order to keep the translation succinct. However, moon is the most important imagery in this poem in that moon as a special meaning in the Chinese culture that it often closely related to the family, hometown or motherland, and it is the key to arouse the nostalgia of the writer in this poem.Therefore, this omission is not desirable. Meanwhile, Chaos made little creative changes in the translations. Although this version gets on for the regular beauty of Chinese ancient poem, it is not a beautiful English poem and can not represent the splendor of â€Å"Still night thoughts†. Conclusion: Generally speaking, the criteria of poetry translation are according to three sections faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. Without enough knowledge of the culture background and the accurate understanding of the original poem, it is hard to achieve faithfulness and will mislead the readers, as version two mistakes homesickness wi th patriotism.On the base of faithfulness, excellent bilingual language skill is a must; otherwise original poem will lose its beauty under the translator's hand, as version five is a plain and too direct poem. In addition, apt recreation is needed to cater for different language user and even add beauty to the poem. Version one, three and five are successful examples with the translator's ingenuity, including wording, sentence pattern and organization.

Paraphrasing Essays

Paraphrasing Essays Paraphrasing Essay Paraphrasing Essay Paraphrasing and sum uping are really similar. Both involve taking thoughts. words or phrases from a beginning and crafting them into new sentences within your authorship. In add-on. sum uping includes distilling the beginning stuff into merely a few lines. Whether rephrasing or sum uping. recognition is ever given to the writer. Below is a transition taken from Raymond S. Nickerson’s How We Know-and Sometimes Misjudge-What Others Know: Imputing One’s Own Knowledge to Others. Psychological Bulletin 125. 6 ( 1999 ) : p737. In order to pass on efficaciously with other people. one must hold a reasonably accurate thought of what they do and make non cognize that is pertinent to the communicating. Treating people as though they have knowledge that they do non hold can ensue in miscommunication and possibly embarrassment. On the other manus. a cardinal regulation of conversation. at least harmonizing to a Gricean position. is that one by and large doe s non convey to others information that one can presume they already have. Here is an illustration of what would be considered plagiarism of this transition: For effectual communicating. it is necessary to hold a reasonably accurate thought of what our listerners know or do non cognize that is pertinent to the communicating. If we assume that people know something they do non. so miscommunication and possibly embarrassment may ensue ( Nickerson. 1999 ) . The author in this illustration has used excessively many of Nickerson’s original words and phrases such as effective communicating. accurate thought. know or do non cognize. pertinent. miscommunication. and embarrassment. Besides note that the transition doesn’t have an gap ticket to bespeak where usage of the Nickerson’s stuff begins. A commendation at the terminal of a paragraph is non sufficent to bespeak what is being credited to Nickerson. Here is an illustration. in APA manner. that is considered ac ceptable paraphrasing of this transition: Nickerson ( 1999 ) suggests that effectual communicating depends on a by and large accurate cognition of what the audience knows. If a talker assumes excessively much cognition about the topic. the audience will either misconstrue or be bewildered ; nevertheless. presuming excessively small cognition among those in the audience may do them to experience patronised ( p. 737 ) . Here the author re-words Nickerson’s thought about what determines effectual communicating. The author re-phrases generally accurate knowledge into reasonably accurate thought. In the 2nd sentence. the author re-words Nickerson’s thoughts about miscommunication and embarrassment utilizing alternatively the words misunderstand. bewildered. and patronized. Nickerson is given recognition from the beginning as the conceiver of the thoughts. This is an illustration of a successful paraphrasis because the author understands the thoughts espoused by Nickerso n. and is able to set them into her ain words while being careful to give him recognition. Here is an illustration. in APA manner. that would be considered acceptable summarizing of this transition: Nickerson ( 1999 ) argues that clear communicating flexible joints upon what an audience does and does non cognize. It is important to presume the audience has neither excessively much nor excessively small cognition of the topic. or the communicating may be inhibited by either confusion or discourtesy ( p. 737 ) . Notice that the author both paraphrasiss Nickerson’s thoughts about effectual communicating and compresses them into two sentences. Like rephrasing. sum uping transitions is a slippery enterprise and takes tonss of pattern. If you’re of all time in uncertainty about whether your drumhead or paraphrasis might be inadvertent plagiarism. inquire your instructor. Example of Editing Original: The fresh Fight Club works to carry through multiple things in footings of subject. for one thing it tries to demo the destructive inclinations of humanity. how in many ways people are geared towards the devastation of themselves. but the film besides tried to reject this thought. to demo that we can neer encompass this facet of ourselves. because if we do we’ll stop up merely like that. in devastation. and as the chief character find out in the terminal. what’s more of import is doing connexions with people and understanding others instead than populating merely for yourself and interrupting any regulations which disagree. Edited: The fresh Fight Club work to carry through legion things thematically. for one it attempts to show the inclinations of world to devolve to encompass self devastation. and on the other it attempts to demo how this can be nil but futile. If we merely encompass self devastation so we fail to see the importance and value of the people a round us. and we merely live to interrupt regulations. which is no manner to populate at all. Effective Paraphrasing A successful paraphrasis is your ain account or reading of another person’s thoughts. Paraphrasing in academic authorship is an effectual manner to repeat. condense. or clear up another author’s thoughts while besides supplying credibleness to your ain statement or analysis. While successful paraphrasing is indispensable for strong academic authorship. unsuccessful paraphrasing can ensue in unwilled plagiarism. Look through the paraphrasing schemes below to better understand what counts as an effectual paraphrasis. Ineffective Paraphrasing Schemes When rephrasing. there are a few common errors you should larn to avoid: 1. Avoid exchanging out or altering around of a few words in an author’s sentence ( s ) for usage in your paper. 2. Avoid neglecting to admit ( through an in-text commendation or direct quotation marks ) the outside beginning from which you obtained your information or thoughts. Exception: When rephrasing. you do non hold to straight mention common cognition. Common cognition is information that is widely known and can be found in multiple topographic points. For illustration. composing that Ronald Reagan was a U. S. Republican president would be considered common cognition. so it would non necessitate to be cited. However. when in uncertainty. it is ever better to mention than run the hazard of plagiarism. 3. Admiting the writer in an in-text commendation but neglecting to include citation Markss around any footings or give voicing that you have borrowed from the writer. Note that any of the unsuccessful elements of rephrasing are considered plagiarism in your essay. even if these rephrasing trips are unwilled. Effective Paraphrasing Schemes If you’re holding problem rephrasing a text efficaciously. seek following these stairss: 1. Reread the original transition you wish to rephrase. looking up any words you do non acknowledge. until you think you understand the full significance of and purpose behind the author’s words. 2. Following. screen or conceal the transition. Once the transition is hidden from position. compose out the author’s thought. in your ain words. as if you were explicating it to your teacher or schoolmates. 3. After you have finished authorship. look into your history of the author’s thought against the original. While comparing the two. inquire yourself the undermentioned inquiries: Have I accurately addressed the author’s thoughts in a new manner that is alone to my composing manner and scholarly voice? Have I tried to retroflex the author’s thought or have I merely changed words around in his/her original sentence ( s ) ? 4. Following. expression for any borrowed footings or peculiar phrases you have taken from the original transition. Envelop these foo tings and phrases in citation Markss to bespeak to your readers that these words were taken straight from the original text. 5. Last. include a commendation. which should incorporate the author’s name. the twelvemonth. and the page or paragraph figure ( if available ) . straight following your paraphrasis. Examples of Paraphrasing Here is the original beginning an writer might utilize in a paper: Differentiation as an instructional attack promotes a balance between a student’s manner and a student’s ability. Differentiated direction provides the pupil with options for processing and internalising the content. and for building new acquisition in order to come on academically. Here is an illustration of bad paraphrasing of the beginning. Even though the pupil is mentioning right. underlined words are merely synonyms of words used in the original beginning. You can besides see how the sentence construction is the same for both the original beginning and this paraphrasis. Differentiation is a manner to promote equality between the attack and endowment of the pupil ( Thompson. 2009 ) . This type of direction gives pupils different ways to cover with and grasp information. and for set uping new larning to travel on in instruction ( Thompson. 2009 ) . Here is an illustration of a better manner to rephra se the beginning. In this illustration. the writer has taken the indispensable thoughts and information from the original beginning. but has worded it in her ain manner. utilizing alone word pick and sentence construction. The writer has condensed Thompson’s ( 2009 ) information. including what is relevant to her paper. but go forthing out excess inside informations that she does non needed. Teachers use differentiated direction to assist pupils larn. leting the instructor to provide lessons to the manner each pupil learns and each student’s accomplishment ( Thompson. 2009 ) . – See more at: hypertext transfer protocol: //writingcenter. waldenu. edu/295. htm # sthash. EKKl31Ro. dpuf Paraphrasing and summarizing In contrast to citing straight. by summarizing or rephrasing an author’s thoughts you are able to show your reading of an author’s thoughts and to incorporate them more to the full into the construction of your authorship. Paraphrasing is by and large used when you wish to mention to sentences or phrases in the beginning text. It is peculiarly utile when you are covering with facts and definitions. Paraphrasing involves rewriting a short subdivision from the beginning text in different words whilst maintaining the same significance. Summarising is by and large used when you wish to mention to thoughts contained in a long text. Summarizing enables you to cut down the author’s thoughts to identify points in an lineation of the treatment or statement by excluding unneeded inside informations and illustrations. Whether you summarise or paraphrasis. you will still necessitate to include a mention mentioning the beginning of the thoughts yo u have referred to. A procedure for rephrasing and summarizing Many pupils find the undermentioned procedure utile for summarizing and rephrasing information. Read the text carefully – you may necessitate to read the text several times. and look into the significance of footings you do non understand in a dictionary. Identify and underscore the cardinal words and chief thoughts in the text. and write these thoughts down. See these points as a whole and your intent for utilizing this information in relation to the construction of your assignment. You may be able to group the thoughts under your ain headers. and set up them in a different sequence to the original text. Think about the attitude of the writer. i. e. critical. supportive. certain. unsure. Think about appropriate coverage verbs you could utilize to depict this attitude. Think of words or phrases which mean approximately the same as those in the original text. Remember. if the key words are specialised vocabulary for the topic. they do non necessitate to be changed. ( see Using synonyms below. ) Using your notes from the above stairss. outline your sum-up or paraphrasis. When you have finished your bill of exchange reread the original text and compare it to your paraphrasis or sum-up. You can so look into that you have retained the significance and attitude of the original text. Using equivalent word To rephrase a text. you can utilize a assortment of techniques. such as synonymous words. synonymous word signifiers. or synonymous phrases. For illustration. the pupil text below has used synonymous word signifiers ( scanners – scanner. usage – utilizing ) ( in bold ) . synonymous words ( convert – recreates ) ( in bold italics ) . and synonymous phrases ( their eyes – the scanner oculus ) ( in italics ) . Original beginning scanners convert parallel informations into digital information†¦ scanners use little electronic constituents ( called CCDs. PMTs. or CISs ) as their eyes†¦ Student text A scanner recreates an image such as a in writing utilizing little electronic constituents referred to as the scanner’s eyes†¦ Changing word signifiers A common attack to altering the word forms in a sentence is to alter the chief verb into a noun. or less normally to alter the chief noun into a verb. For illustration. compare the two sentences below: Original beginning Scanners convert parallel informations into digital information. Paraphrased sentence The transition of an image such as a in writing by a scanner occurs†¦ Re-ordering chief thoughts Another manner of paraphrasing is to alter the order of the chief thoughts in a sentence. One manner of making this is to alter the active voice to inactive voice or the inactive voice to active voice. The active voice focal points on who or what is affected by a procedure or event. whilst the inactive voice focal points on the event or procedure. For illustration compare the usage of scanners convert’ and the transition of’ in the illustrations above. For farther information on the usage of active and inactive voice see the grammar tutorial. Paraphrasing is the procedure of showing another author’s content in your ain words. while keeping the significance of the transition. It is utile when the writer uses difficult-to-understand linguistic communication and construction. when you want to concentrate on a different component of the transition or when your audiences are different ( for illustration. the writer wrote an academic paper. and you are a newspaper newsman ) . However. rephrasing can besides take to plagiarism ( utilizing another author’s work or thoughts as your ain ) if your beginnings are non suitably and explicitly cited. Other Peoples Are Reading How to Paraphrase Without Plagiarizing Types Of Paraphrases Instruction manuals 1 Change the voice of the sentences from active to inactive voice and frailty versa. For illustration. Educators prefer learning lower grades can go Teaching lower classs is preferred by pedagogues. This is helpful when you want to concentrate more on the object instead than the topic of the sentence. 2 Change the diction of a transition utilizing equivalent word. A synonym finder can turn out rather utile for this undertaking. Children develop their linguistic communication by interacting with those around them can go Kids get linguistic communication accomplishments by pass oning with people near to them. Sponsored Linkss SoftLayer ® Official Site More Custom-made Hosting From A Trusted Source. 24?7 Support. Chat Now. SoftLayer. com/Asia-Pacific 3 Change the verb of the temper to subjunctive if you want to rephrase a want. a petition or an unrealistic state of affairs. You can besides alter subjunctive temper to indicative. For illustration. The curate requested that his helper conveying the paperss. can go The curate asked his helper to convey the paperss. 4 Change the order of the sentence’s elements - without changing the temper of the verb of the voice - to emphasize the most of import portion for your work. For case. John Day ( an fanciful individual ) was a successful author. politician and man of affairs. can be John Day is celebrated for his success as a man of affairs. politician and author. 5 Use monikers or conversational footings to alter a passage’s diction. You can alter New York City to the Big Apple. for case. or mention to night shift as the graveyard displacement. However. this technique is non acceptable when composing a formal paper. Read more: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/how_8759404_easily-paraphrase. html # ixzz2jBcfjEac Paraphrasing right can forestall plagiarizing. When you paraphrase. you merely show person else’s thoughts in your ain words. Unlike a brief drumhead. a paraphrasis contains more item. harmonizing to the Purdue Online Writing Lab ( OWL ) . Although you have reworded the original. you must utilize in-text commendations. parentheses incorporating the beginning of the information. in the needed format. Paraphrasing may affect alterations in vocabulary. length. parts of address and sentence construction. How to Write a Paraphrase How to Teach Students How to Paraphrase 1. Synonym Replacement At its simplest degree. rephrasing involves replacing original diction with equivalent word. See this original sentence from Claudia Kalb’s Newsweek article. Painkiller Crackdown. While the DEA says OxyContin is a valuable’ drug. it is concerned’ that many physicians who are ordering the medicines don’t know’ plenty about it and are non conveying’ the dangers to patients. . . . If a pupil made merely these replacings - useful for valuable. worried for concerned. know for understand and explaining for conveying - some paraphrasing would ensue. but much of the original would stay. ensuing in partial plagiarism. Decrease of Clauses Another method of rephrasing involves altering clauses to phrases. For illustration. the clause. while the DEA says OxyContin is a valuable drug could go a more compendious phrase. claiming Oxycontin’s value. If a pupil combines this attack with synonym replacing. more effectual paraphrasing occurs. Sponsored Linkss Download Free Personal computer Software Download Free PC Manager Software. Easy File Transfer. Download Now! mobogenie. com/download-pc-software Partss of Speech Changing parts of address may help in rephrasing. See another original sentence from Kalb’s Newsweek article: Last hebdomad the spotlight’ on OxyContin intensified’ as the Drug Enforcement Administration announced’ a national scheme to combat’ the painkiller’s illegitimate’ usage. . . . If a pupil restructured the sentence. altering parts of address. some rephrasing would happen: The Drug Enforcement Administration last hebdomad spotlighted’ OxyContin more intensely’ and made an announcement’ of a national scheme. which combats utilizing the analgesic illegitimately. However. this rephrasing deficiencies originality and once more consequences in partial plagiarism. Change of Structure Changing the sentence construction adds to the value of the paraphrasis. reflecting the writer’s reading of the author’s ideas. See this original diction from the Newsweek article: OxyContin was developed to make good: alleviate enfeebling hurting. But since the powerful drug debuted in 1996. it has become progressively known for a unsafe side consequence - the potency for serious dependence. By get downing with a phrase and altering the construction. a author could make the undermentioned: First looking in 1996. Oxycontin claimed to alleviate unneeded agony. Today. nevertheless. experts know it can present an addictive’ menace ( Kalb 38 ) . These restructured sentences besides include synonym replacing ( appeared for debuted ) and alterations in parts of address ( addictive for addiction ) . With the Modern Language Association ( MLA ) in-text commendation. this rephrasing avoids any hint of plagiarism by uniting multiple signifiers of paraphrasing. Read more: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/info_8410412_types-paraphrases. hypertext markup language # ixzz2jBcsVmxv How to Teach Students How to Paraphrase By Hilary Riepenhoff. eHow Subscriber Share Print this article Teaching pupils to rephrase takes clip and pattern. Paraphrasing is an indispensable accomplishment for pupils to obtain. Without rephrasing. pupils are at hazard for plagiarism. It is of import to put the land work for successful direction of rephrasing through account of cardinal constructs. mold and pattern of the accomplishment. Merely through pattern and changeless feedback will a student’s paraphrasing ability grow. Activities for Paraphrasing Information Difference Between Summarizing A ; Paraphrasing Instruction manuals 1. 1 Teach the cardinal differences between reciting. summarizing and paraphrasing. Writer of Summarizing. Paraphrasing. and Retelling. Emily Kissner suggests. the three constructs are similar. but are different in development. formation. and concluding merchandise. Summaries contain chief thoughts. some back uping inside informations and are in chronological order. yet shorter in length. Retelling is orally sharing information. while remembering of import information from the text. Harmonizing to Purdue’s Online Writing Lab. successful paraphrasing puts the information from the transition in your ain words. while imputing the original beginning. It is shorter in length because you abbreviate the information. 2 Remind pupils that although paraphrased stuff is non in quotation marks. one must recognition the original beginning. Explain that doing little alterations in give voicing. rearranging the original quotation mark or neglecting to mention the beginning is plagiarism. Sponsored Linkss Download Free Personal computer Software Download Free PC Manager Software. Easy File Transfer. Download Now! mobogenie. com/download-pc-software 3 Indiana University of Bloomington’s Writing Tutorial Service suggests learning several cardinal schemes. including to rewrite utilizing your ain words while covering the quotation mark you are rephrasing to avoid the impulse to transcript ; besides look into your paraphrased work to guarantee you have non by chance written anything word for word from the original and that the information included is right. 4 Get down little by presenting rephrasing with sentences alternatively of drawn-out paragraphs. Ensure pupils understand information stated in each sentence. See a student’s ability degrees in reading. 5 Model the construct of rephrasing to pupils. Show pupils what good rephrasing expressions like. Give illustrations based on appropriate alteration in words and construction. Prepare illustrations and have pupils explain their logical thinking on whether the paraphrasing is right or non. 6 Provide pupils the chance to orally rephrase sentences in their ain words. Work as a group to acknowledge what works with a student’s paraphrased responses and what does non. Instantaneous feedback ushers pupils toward right paraphrasing. Independent pattern so evaluates pupil advancement and growing. Read more: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/how_8783769_teach-students-paraphrase. html # ixzz2jBd4uoZv Paraphrasing and Summarizing Exercise This resource was written by Tony Cimasko. Last edited by Allen Brizee on August 7. 2009. Summary: This resource contains the pattern exercising on paraphrasing and summarizing to assist you larn how to use the guidelines in this subdivision to your ain authorship. Take a expression at the text below ( excerpted from Expert: Wikipedia Won’t Go Away. So Learn How to Use It by Maggie Morris ) and the undermentioned efforts at paraphrasing and summarizing. The first four are non equal. but the last 1 is. Look at each of the four inappropriate efforts. and make up ones mind what precisely makes each inappropriate. The popularity of Wikipedia makes it of import that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a starting point for their research instead than as the concluding word. says a Purdue University communications expert. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its usage. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. But Wikipedia is here to re main and. despite punishments. people are likely to go on utilizing it. Version 1: The popularity of Wikipedia makes it of import that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a starting point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its usage. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. Version 2: The popularity of Wikipedia makes it of import that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a starting point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its usage. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication ( Morris ) . Version 3: Wikipedia is popular. which makes it critical that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a beginning point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its use ( Morris ) . Version 4: Wikipedia is popular. which makes it necessary to larn utilizing the on-line collaborative encyclopaedia as a beginning point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. ’ says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its use’ ( Morris ) . Version 5: Sorin A. Matei of Purdue University says that because pupils are addicted to Wikipedia and will go on to trust on it. it is of import for instructors to assist them to utilize Wikipedia as a topographic point to get down research. instead than as a concluding beginning. Matei besides says that punishments are improbable to be effectual ( Morris ) . Version 5 is right. Here the pupil combined her ain paraphrasing with a citation of dramatic linguistic communication of the original text. She made certain her words and those taken straight from the beginning tantrum together ; she quoted accurately and cited her beginning. Some of the information is consolidated. and the specific sorts of punishments given by teachers- a minor detail- are left out. Answers for Paraphrasing and Sum uping Exercises This resource was written by Tony Cimasko. Last edited by Allen Brizee on November 5. 2008. Summary: This resource contains the replies for the ESL exercises on rephrasing and sum uping. Paraphrasing and Sum uping The popularity of Wikipedia makes it of import that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a starting point for their research instead than as the concluding word. says a Purdue University communications expert. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its usage. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. But Wikipedia is here to remain and. despite punishments. people are likely to go on utilizing it. Version 1: The popularity of Wikipedia makes it of import that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a starting point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its usage. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. This version would be considered blazing plagiarism. The text is excerpted about word for word without utilizing citation Markss suitably. without giving recognition to the original writer. Some words have been cut out. but the original author’s linguistic communication is still rather obvious. Version 2: The popularity of Wikipedia makes it of import that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a starting point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its usage. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication ( Morris ) . Recognition is given to the original writer ( Morris ) . but citation Markss are still non used. and the linguistic communication still closely resembles the original authorship. Version 3: Wikipedia is popular. which makes it critical that users learn to utilize the online collaborative encyclopaedia as a beginning point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its use ( Morris ) . The original writer is given recognition. and technically the transition is right. but the author suggests that Morris’ chief point is teachers’ reactions. In fact. Morris is stressing the importance of Wikipedia. and negotiations about teachers’ reactions as a secondary point. Version 4: Wikipedia is popular. which makes it necessary to larn utilizing the on-line collaborative encyclopaedia as a beginning point for their research. Students are addicted to Wikipedia. ’ says Sorin A. Matei. an helper professor in the Department of Communication. and instructors fight it with austere rating policies and limitations on its use’ ( Morris ) . The citation is basically accurate. citation Markss are used. and Morris is given recognition. The bigger job is that the author made no effort to utilize his or her ain linguistic communication. to incorporate the citation into their ain words. The smaller job is the deficiency of eclipsiss ( . . . ) to bespeak where the author took out portion of the citation. Version 5: Sorin A. Matei of Purdue University says that because pupils are addicted to Wikipedia and will go on to trust on it. it is of import for instructors to assist them to utilize Wikipedia as a topographic point to get down research. instead than as a concluding beginning. Matei besides says that punishments are improbable to be effectual ( Morris ) . Version 5 is right. Here the pupil combined her ain paraphrasing with a citation of dramatic linguistic communication of the original text. She made certain her words and those taken straight from the beginning tantrum together ; she quoted accurately and cited her beginning. Some of the information is consolidated. and the specific sorts of punishments given by teachers- a minor detail- are left out. Paraphrasing A ; Summarizing Exercise This is the last portion of Wallace’s Copyright A ; Plagiarism tutorial. Please read the undermentioned transitions to earn an apprehension in the art of rephrasing. More pattern is available via Web links on the Student Guide to Copyright. Original transition: Cipher called him Abe–at least non to his face–because he loathed the moniker. It did non suit a well-thought-of professional who’d struggled difficult to get the better of the restrictions of his frontier background. Frankly Lincoln enjoyed his position as a attorney and politician. and he liked money. excessively. and used it to mensurate his worth. By the 1850’s. thanks to a combination of endowment and swerve difficult work. Lincoln was a adult male of significant wealth. He had an one-year income of around $ 5. 000–the equivalent of many times that today–and big fiscal and real-estate investings. Oates. Stephen B. Our Ardent Test: Abraham Lincoln. John Brown. and the Civil War Era. Amherst. MA: University of Massachusetts Press. 1979. p. 65 Incorrect paraphrasis: No 1 used Lincoln’s moniker. Abe. because he detested it. It didn’t travel with a attorney and politician who had worked to acquire off from the limitations of his state heritage. Lincoln liked his new place. and his wealth. and used it to estimate his position. By mid-century. his accomp